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221.
The location of bus garages is a complex issue that has received recent attention in the literature. Given a bus system, the number of bus garages and their locations depend on garage cost, deadheading cost and environmental impacts. An approximate analytical model is used to determine the number of bus garages that minimizes the above costs. The concept of a slowly varying density of bus-route origins (hence deadheads) per unit area is used to model deadheading costs. The increased deadheading caused by breakdowns and accidents is also considered. The garage cost is modeled as a function of the number of buses stored. A closed-form solution is obtained for the optimal density of garages, when the garage cost function is linear. The actual locations of garages and the allocations of buses to the garages are found using a discrete space location-allocation model formulated so as to consider the environmental impact associated with buses deadheading through populated neighborhoods. 相似文献
222.
Geoffrey A. Boxshall 《Journal of Marine Systems》1998,15(1-4)
Parasitic copepods belonging to two orders, Siphonostomatoida and Poecilostomatoida, are frequently reported from fish hosts in the deep sea. Three families of copepods are most commonly encountered, Sphyriidae, Lernaeopodidae and Chondracanthidae, but members of another four families, Hatschekiidae, Pennellidae, Philichthyidae and Hyponeoidae, are occasionally recorded. These parasites utilise various deep demersal fishes as hosts, especially species of the most abundant families, Macrouridae, Moridae, Synaphobranchidae and Alepocephalidae. Host specificity levels are variable, as for shallow-water fishes. In contrast, few parasites are regularly reported from fishes inhabiting the pelagic water column away from the bottom and away from the near-surface zone. Only the pennellids Sarcotretes scopeli and Cardiodectes medusaeus appear common on pelagic fishes, in the Atlantic and Pacific respectively. Host specificity levels in these two pennellid species are relatively low. It is speculated that the difficulty of encountering a host in the vast pelagic biome has restricted the diversity of parasitic copepods that have successfully colonized pelagic fishes. 相似文献
223.
Alexander C. Landsburg Roderick A. Barr Larry Daggett Wei-Yuan Hwang Bent Jakobsen Mike Morris 《上海造船》2006,(2):55-62
我认为,造船师和轮机师考虑海上环境设计的船舶,它们99.9%的时间在海上渡过。但他们忘了,这些船舶还必须进入河道装卸货物。当某件引起公众高度关注的事故发生,船舶建造者或许会进入公众视线,发现他们犯有疏忽罪,要为建造了动力不足和操纵不良的船舶负责。一位引航员的观点国际 相似文献
224.
A. H. Wickens 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1979,8(1):33-48
For railway vehicles having coned wheels mounted on solid axles there is, in general, a conflict between stability of lateral deviations from the motion along the track and ability to steer round curves. However, certain configurations of three-axle vehicle can satisfy the requirement of perfect curving and for certain values of the system parameters are dynamically stable. In the case where three wheelsets have semi-rigid articulation and either the distribution of conicity amongst the wheelsets or the position of the articulation joint are varied, it is shown that both flutter and divergence instabilities can occur at low speeds, in contrast to the more common dynamic instabilities of other forms of railway vehicle which are driven by the inertia forces. 相似文献
225.
E. Garcia-Vadillo Jos G. Gim nez Jos A. T rrago 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1984,13(4):207-214
Before trying to ascertain the precise nature of the Wheel-Rail contact (internal stresses and strains, wear and friction, security against a derailment, dynamic behaviour of the vehicle, etc.) the geometrical problem must necessarily be solved. That is, for each position of the wheelset (this is defined by 6 parameters, of which only 4 are independent) the two dependent parameters and the coordinates of the points of contact of each wheel, and rail must be obtained. A new method is proposed of obtaining the spatial position of a wheelset with reference to the rails, from the most general point of view. 相似文献
226.
Depth of field effects in laser sheet imaging were considered for droplet sizing of a pre-swirl spray. A pre-swirl spray is
formed before the hollow-cone type main-swirl spray from a D.I. gasoline injector, and shows transient characteristics with
high axial velocity. A microscopic imaging technique was applied to obtain high spatial resolution LIF tomograms of the pre-swirl
spray. A 1 mm thick Nd:YAG laser sheet was used as a light source to make the LIF tomograms that were imaged using a high-resolution
CCD camera. The droplet sizing of the pre-swirl spray was carried out using an image processing technique. In the image processing
procedure, the laser sheet-straddling large-sized droplets were carefully taken into account to remove the errors caused by
the depth of field effects from the limited thickness and the energy distribution of the laser sheet. The mean intensity of
the individual droplets and the line profile of the LIF signal around the droplet edge were inspected to screen the laser
sheet-straddling large-sized droplets. In order to consider the effects of the size-dependent LIF signal intensity, the size-classified
or ensemble-averaged mean intensity of the individual droplets was introduced. The mean droplet sizes such as AMD and SMD
were calculated using only screened droplets, and they slightly increase before considering the depth of field effects. 相似文献
227.
This work presents an experiment on the relationships between subjective and objective evaluations of vehicle handling. Ten
cars were examined objectively in several open-loop driving dynamics manoeuvres and subjectively by test persons in typical
traffic situations. Results are extracted from a stationary test (the Slowly Increasing Steer Test), and a dynamical test
(the Frequency Response Test). The subjective measurements are obtained from drivers on a rural road course via a questionnaire,
which was developed to separately investigate the quantity level perception, the so-called “Niveau”, and the more qualitative
“Liking”. These subjective “measurements” are embedded into a two-channel definition of “Steering Comfort” as a genus for
“Steering Discomfort” and “Character”. The article concentrates on developing a statistical method for the consideration of
correlations amongst the subjective/objective data. In doing so, the variance in example subjective Niveau ratings can be
significantly explained by several objective quantities. Indicators for co-domains of validated discomfort characteristics
and hints for endeavouring character Liking ranges are detected. 相似文献
228.
C. -H. Chien J. -Y. Jang Y. -H. Chen S. -C. Wu 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(4):437-445
People use cars so frequently that they always consider the air-conditioning, and thermal comfort of the driver and passenger
when buying a new car. Therefore accurate simulation of the thermal performance of automobile air conditioners to improve
human comfort has become increasingly important. In order to improve the thermal comfort of passengers, 3-D flow motion and
thermal behavior within vehicles must be analyzed. In this paper, a numerical simulation was used to investigate thermal behavior
in a vehicle. Because air temperature at an air vent is related to the cooling capacity of the air conditioner, the cooling
capacity was calculated using ɛ-NTU (effective number of transfer unit) theoretical equations. Using the air temperature relationship between inlet and outlet
vents as boundary conditions, a 3-D unsteady κ-ɛ turbulent model was used to give a transient analysis simulation of the temperature field and flow conditions in a vehicle’s
passenger cabin. Cooling cycle analysis and conjugate heat transfer analysis at the inside surface of the cabin’s ceiling,
floor and sides were also considered. The predicted temperature distributions in the vehicles passenger cabin were in good
agreement with those obtained experimentally. 相似文献
229.
介绍了对混合动力总成进行优化的建模及仿真工具《汽车快速性能优化及报告工具包—汽车系统模块(RAPTOR^TM—VSM)软件包》,指出了优化混合动力总成需在混合动力发动机、电动机、电池、超级电容器、动力总成配置和自动/手动变速器(AMT)控制器等方面做的工作。 相似文献
230.
H. -Z. Li L. Li J. Song L. -Y. Yu 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(5):679-686
A new comprehensive driver model is presented for critical maneuvering conditions with more accurate dynamic control performance.
In order to achieve a safe maneuvering mode, a new path planning scheme to maintain stability of the vehicle was designed.
A new steering strategy, considering the errors of vehicle position and yaw angle between the real track and the planned path,
was established to obtain the steering angle. Therefore, the vehicle can be adjusted to accurately follow the desired path
with the driver model, and the stability of the vehicle and the smoothness of the steering angle input were comprehensively
considered. Simulation results were used to validate the control performance in comparison with the optimal preview driver
model proposed by Macadam. 相似文献