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971.
In recent years, management and academics have increasingly focused on quality management in public transport. In particular, many public transport operators regularly monitor their service quality over time and use these data to assess quality performance (e.g., for performance-based quality contracts) and to determine managerial decisions (e.g., budget allocations for service improvements). However, despite the widespread applications of service quality data in practice, it is unclear whether cross-sectional analyses and cross-temporal comparisons of service quality data provide valid insights for quality management purposes. In this study, we investigate the usability of cross-sectional analyses and cross-temporal comparisons of service quality data by conducting an empirical study that tracked a panel’s perceptions of the service quality of public transport and its choice over the course of three consecutive years. The results demonstrate that cross-sectional analyses provide valid insights for quality management. However, cross-temporal comparisons should be interpreted carefully because the results of these comparisons are surprisingly unreliable. In fact, we find that service quality data do not provide reliable results over time and therefore conclude that cross-temporal comparisons of service quality data must be interpreted with caution for quality management in public transport. 相似文献
972.
973.
Effects of intersection field of view on emergent collision avoidance performance at unsignalized intersections: analysis based on driving simulator experiments
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Proper intersection sight distance can effectively lower the possibility of intersection accidents. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (2011) provide a series of recommended dimensions of intersection sight triangles for uncontrolled and stop/yield‐controlled intersections. However, in reality, although the actual intersection design for unsignalized intersections satisfies the requirements of sight distance and clear sight triangle in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' guideline, there are still a large number of crashes occurring at unsignalized intersections for drivers running stop/yield signs or failing to slow down. This paper presents a driving simulator study on pre‐crash at intersections under three intersection field of view (IFOV) conditions. The aim was to explore whether better IFOVs at unsignalized intersections improve their emergent collision avoidance performance under an assumption of valid intersection sight distance design. The experimental results show drivers' ability to identify potential hazards to be significantly affected by their IFOVs. As drivers' IFOV improved, drivers were more likely to choose braking actions to avoid collisions. Better IFOVs were also associated with significant increases in brake time to intersection and significant reductions in deceleration rate and crash rate, thus leading to a lower risk of traffic crash involvement. The results indicate that providing a better IFOV for drivers at intersections should be encouraged in practical applications in order to improve drivers' crash avoidance capabilities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
974.
With traffic impact analyses and impact fee assessment becoming more popular, the need for accurately estimating the trip generation rate of a proposed development is becoming more important. An overwhelming percentage of state transportation agencies depend either partly or entirely on the ITETrip Generation Report to predict the traffic that will be attracted to and/or produced from a proposed development. However, the rates obtained from the ITE publication have been derived from data collected throughout the United States. They represent a national average and fail to take into account the local trip generation characteristics that the site under consideration might have. This paper establishes a methodology for obtaining more reliable local trip generation rates using Bayesian statistics. In this method, the ITE rates are assumed to be the prior information, which are updated using limited local trip generation data that are available. The method also allows for temporal updating, incorporating subjective judgment and using borrowed data in the updating procedure. Sample calculations in this paper illustrate the developed methodology. 相似文献
975.
Properties of the active power/angle sub-matrix in the power flow Jacobian for power system analysis are studied. The sub-matrix is a dominant and irreducible matrix under very general conditions of power systems, so that it is invertible. Also the necessary conditions for its singularity are given. These theoretical results can be used to clarify the ambiguous understanding of the sub-matrix in current literature, and also provide the theoretical foundations for the applications based on reduced power flow Jacobian. Numerical simulation on the IEEE 118-bus power system is used to illustrate our results. 相似文献
976.
Effect of residual stress on impact damage in a dissimilar laminated plate at a biaxial bending mode
S. Y. Oh 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(3):347-352
Systematic investigations have been performed on the mechanisms that lead to impact damage in a dissimilar laminated plate
with a thermal residual stress at a biaxial bending mode. Glass/polymer laminated plates are often used as blast-proof safety
screens, and bullet-proof windows, and in windshields in the automotive and the aerospace and aeronautical fields. Their many
advantages, the development of new materials, and the need for high-performance, low-weight structures ensure that laminated
plate construction will continue to be in demand. In this work, the impact damage in glass/Al alloy laminated circular plates
cured at RT and 80°C was investigated using an instrumented long bar impact tester at a biaxial bending mode. A circular plate
was cured at different curing temperatures to form a thermally induced residual stress at the bonding interface. To improve
the damage tolerance of laminated circular plates, various geometric (thickness ratio of the inner to outer layer) and material
parameters are considered by determining their effects of maximizing impact absorbed energy. The measured impact force profiles
and the impulse of the force explained the impact damage behaviors induced in the laminated circular plates. We show that
a compressive residual stress could reduce the initiation of radial cracks and the impact damaged area of the laminated plate
in the outer layer. Greater an inner layer thickness results in smaller a damaged area. A design guideline for effective dissimilar
laminated plate construction is proposed. 相似文献
977.
U. B. Azimov E. A. Roziboyev K. S. Kim D. S. Jeong Y. G. Lee J. E. Yun 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(5):523-534
In this study, a visual investigation of sprays and flames is performed, and soot formation in Diesel-GTL fuel blends is studied
in a specially designed quiescent constant-volume chamber under various ambient gas temperatures and O2 concentrations. Similar to the case of soot formation during diesel fuel combustion, the sooting zone during the mixing-controlled
combustion of Diesel-GTL blends is located in the leading portion of the jet boundaries. Auto-ignition delay and soot concentration
decrease with an increase of GTL content in the fuel blend. Soot also decreases with lower O2 concentration, higher injection pressure, and lower ambient gas temperature. The lack of soot formation at lower O2 concentrations and lower temperatures suggests that Diesel-GTL fuel blends can be successfully utilized in low-temperature
diesel combustion technologies that are currently being developed. Furthermore, this mixing controlled combustion method with
Diesel-GTL blends can be used to modulate various engine operation parameters, and therefore to simultaneously reduce the
formation of soot and NOx within a wide range of diesel engine loads. 相似文献
978.
The need for the unmanned ground combat vehicle (UGCV), which is used for the surveillance, reconnaissance and targeting during
extremely dangerous condition on the battlefield, has steadily increased, and the transition from manned ground combat vehicles
to unmanned ground combat vehicles is expected to reduce the loss of lives during battle. The UGCV needs many types of capabilities
to achieve satisfactory performance. This paper focuses on the modeling and control of the power system of the UGCV, and proposes
the fuel cell hybrid system (FCHS) for the power system of the UGCV. The fuel cell hybrid system has many advantages in stealth
drive and the system efficiency. In addition, the FCHS is much quieter than the engine generator and generates much less heat.
The benefits of the FCHS are advantageous for use in Army operations, which require ‘silent watch’ capability and the ability
to operate without showing up on an enemy’s radar screen. The FCHS has a fuel cell and uses an energy storage system (ESS)
as a power source. The ESS (e.g., batteries or ultracapacitors) helps the fuel cell supply power to the electric drive system
and also recovers energy during deceleration. The ESS makes it possible to improve the efficiency and dynamic characteristic
of the power system. In this paper, the FCHS is composed of different combinations of component models. The component sizes
are chosen to satisfy performance requirements. In order to determine the power distribution between the fuel cell and the
ESS, a power management strategy based on the required power and the SOC (state of charge) of the ESS is proposed. Batteries
and ultracapacitor, components of the ESS, have different characteristics. Accordingly, varying the combination of ESS components
can change the performance of the power system. The performance of the FCHS with respect to different combinations of ESS
is analyzed using simulated results. 相似文献
979.
A robust H
∞ preview control is investigated for an active suspension system with look-ahead sensors. The uncertain system is described
by a state-space model with linear nominal parts and additional nonlinear time-varying norm-bounded uncertainties. Proof of
robust stability and a feedback-type robust H
∞ preview controller are derived by augmenting the dynamics of the original system and previewed road input. As, however, the
augmented previewed road input gives the system a much larger dimension than the original system, much more computation time
is required for solving of Riccati equations. To resolve this problem, a decomposed robust H
∞ preview controller is proposed. Robust stability and performance variations for system uncertainties are shown using a numerical
example of a quarter-car model. 相似文献
980.
Y. S. Pyoun H. T. Kim Y. C. Lee A. Gafurov H. Kim D. H. Jung 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(1):61-70
Surface topology, cone angle and the forces acting on the cone of the clutch type limited slip differential (LSD) are major
design parameters for the bias ratio and the noise condition. Therefore much research has been dedicated to these developments
but the results have been used to submit patents. A new cone type limited slip differential for sport utility vehicles and
recreational vehicles, which has a very simple structure and easy compliance with the vehicle performance, has been developed
by the axiomatic approach and the ultrasonic nano crystal surface modification (UNSM) technology. The design criteria and
optimal value of the design parameters are determined by the axiomatic approach utilizing CAE tools. Test methodologies in
a test rig and in a vehicle were also developed. Test results showed good performance of bias ratio and noise level but durability
is still under testing. This study is an extension of F2006P266, FISITA 2006. 相似文献