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121.
The use of gait parameters to evaluate pedestrian behavior at scramble phase signalized intersections
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Pedestrian scramble phasing is usually implemented to reduce pedestrian‐vehicle conflicts and therefore increase the safety of the intersection. However, to adequately determine the benefits of scramble phasing, it is necessary to understand how pedestrians react to such an unconventional design. This study investigates changes in pedestrian crossing behavior following the implementation of a scramble phase by examining the spatiotemporal gait parameters (step length and step frequency). This detailed microscopic‐level analysis provides insight into changes in pedestrian walking mechanisms as well as the effect of various pedestrian and intersection characteristics. The study uses video data collected at a scramble phase signalized intersection in Oakland, California. Gait parameters were found to be influenced by pedestrian gender, age, group size, crosswalk length, and pedestrian signal indications. Both average step length and walking speed were significantly higher for diagonally crossing pedestrians compared with pedestrians crossing on the conventional crosswalks. Pedestrians were found to have the tendency to increase their step length more than their step frequency to increase walking speed. It was also found that, compared with men, women generally increase their walking speed by increasing their step frequency more than step length. However, when in non‐compliance with signal indications, women increase their walking speed by increasing their step length more than step frequency. It was also found that older pedestrians do not significantly change their walking behavior when in non‐compliance with signal indications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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In this paper, a new cellular automata model is proposed to simulate the car and bicycle heterogeneous traffic on urban road. To capture the complex interactions between these two types of vehicles, a novel occupancy rule is adopted in the proposed model to consider the variable lateral distances of mixed vehicular traffic. Based on massive simulations, microscopic fundamental diagrams under different bicycle densities are devised. With these, the bicycle's spilling behavior is then investigated and discussed. In order to reflect the interference of a bicycle on a car, the interference transformation from friction state to block state is modeled explicitly. Finally, different simulation results under different occupancy rules indicate that the constant and fixed occupancy rule adopted in the previous studies might lead to overestimation of car flux in the heterogeneous traffic flows with different bicycle densities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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道路损坏后路基和路面材料的再生利用不仅能够节约大量宝贵的筑路材料,而且具有重要的环境保护意义。采用冷再生技术将原有旧路面材料以专用机械作业方式进行就地再生,并将其作为水泥稳定砂砾摊铺在原有道路上并作为新铺道路的基础是实现上述理念的成功尝试。 相似文献
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商业银行风险管理的核心问题是商业银行资本和风险精确地匹配。本文借鉴国际经验,结合我国商业银行的实际情况,提出了从资本配置的角度对商业银行的整体经营风险进行有效地控制和管理。商业银行的风险管理应建立呆帐准备金、资本充足率、存款保险制度三道防线,在商业银行内部需要建立以VaR为基础的风险评估框架模型,使资本和风险匹配更加精确。 相似文献
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海洋平台供应船溢油回收装置的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
结合我厂为阿根廷建造的具有溢油回收功能的VS4408海洋平台供应船,介绍了溢油回收装置的原理、组成、布置以及如何使用等情况。溢油回收装置的发展有利于提高海上油污回收能力,减少和避免各类船舶事故引起的海上石油污染,溢油回收装置的有效使用是降低和消除溢油污染的重要手段。 相似文献