Dynamics of inorganic nutrient species in the Bohai seawaters

Within the frame of a Sino-German Joint Research Program, two cruises of “R/V Dong Fang Hong 2” were carried out in September–October 1998 and April–May 1999, respectively, to understand the dynamics of nutrients in the Bohai. Nutrient species (NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻ and SiO₃²⁻) are determined colorimetrically on board for five anchor and 30 grid stations. In situ incubation experiments are performed to determine planktonic nutrient uptake and benthic exchange flux. Nutrient concentrations display short-term variability and seasonal change in the Bohai, with higher levels in shallow coastal waters than in the Central Bohai. The influence of riverine discharge on nutrient levels can be seen from salinity isopleths, nutrient distribution and species ratios. Near-bottom (nb) waters have similar nutrient concentrations as to the surface waters in the Central Bohai, whereas stratification takes place in the Bohai Strait and North Yellow Sea. In situ incubation experiments provide evidence that the uptake ratio (i.e. N, P) by phytoplankton is proportional to the ratios among nutrient species in ambient waters. Based on the data of this study and previously publications, a preliminary estimate of nutrient budgets via riverine input and atmospheric deposition is established. The results indicate that atmospheric deposition gains importance over rivers in delivering nutrients into the Bohai and sustain the new production, following recent decrease in riverine inflow caused by drought periods in North China and damming practices. A historical review of nutrient data indicates that concentrations of nitrogen increase and phosphorus and silica decrease in the Central Bohai over last 40 years. This potentially has an important influence on the health of ecosystem in Bohai (e.g. food web and community structure), though further study is needed to examine the scenario in more detail.     

桥塔用内养护高强度抗裂混凝土性能研究

对比了页岩陶砂、粉煤灰黏土复合陶粒、浮石粉3种内养护材料对高强度混凝土的工作性能、力学性能和早期抗裂性能的影响,并结合桥塔混凝土结构进行了抗裂性验算。结果表明:随着内养护材料掺量的增加,不同龄期混凝土的抗压强度有所降低,但降幅不大,水胶比0.24时,每种内养护材料体积掺量控制在20%以内可满足C60混凝土强度要求;掺入3种内养护材料均可显著提高混凝土的早期抗裂性能,其中浮石粉的抗裂效果最好。结合沪通长江大桥主塔(高330 m,壁厚大多超过1.5 m)混凝土结构,针对收缩与温度应力引起的开裂问题进行了有限元抗裂性能分析,结果表明,浮石粉掺量20%的低收缩混凝土拉应力在容许范围内,开裂风险小。     

基于KENTRACK的铁路沥青混凝土底砟层疲劳特性评价

重复动载疲劳损伤是沥青混凝土底砟层的破坏形式之一。本文建立了沥青混凝土底砟层的三维有限元分析模型,分析其在列车荷载作用下的受力变形特性。采用KENTRACK设计方法分析了沥青混凝土底砟层的疲劳寿命。结果表明:沥青混凝土底砟层等厚度替代基床表层的路基结构形式在列车荷载作用下基床表层的竖向动变形和振动加速度明显减小;沥青混凝土底砟层的层底拉应变在10×10^-6~90×10^-6,处于较低水平;沥青混凝土底砟层具有良好的疲劳耐久性,可用于工程实践。     

基于网络融合下通信运营企业的市场策略

随着新一代通信标准的建立,网络融合对通信产业的发展起很大作用,在现有通信网发展的基础上,通过价值网络的分析和规划,明确网络融合下通信运营企业的市场策略,从而为产业的健康发展提出建设性的指导方案。     

应试教育方式适合航海英语教学

航海英语教学在受制于船员英语适任评估的前提下,应充分理解并应用考试的选择功能,提高学生航海英语学习的效果和应试的能力,为国际和国内航运业提供合格的人才。     

Nanoparticle emission characteristics and reduction strategies by boost pressure control and injection strategies in a passenger diesel engine

This research attempted to analyze nanoparticles and other harmful exhaust emissions in accordance with injection strategies and air-fuel ratio (AFR) changes for small diesel engines. The emission characteristics were analyzed in the medium-speed condition, which is the main driving range of a diesel engine. In the case of particulate matter (PM), the number of particles was measured, analyzed, and compared to identify the correlation and emission characteristics of nanoparticles by using a dilution device and condensation particle counter (CPC), which are international standards for particle measurement recommended by the Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP). The engine torque tended to be reduced as pilot injections were added, and the torque was increased by the increased boost pressure, but reduced by the exhaust pressure increase in a part of the low-load range. The number of nanoparticles was not influenced greatly by the change in AFR, but the reduction effect on the PM weight was great depending on the boost pressure increase. In addition, the number of nanoparticles tended to increase as the fuel injection timing became closer to TDC in all conditions, and its difference became larger with an increase in AFR. In addition, in the case of the pilot injection, nanoparticle emission showed similar characteristics depending on the main injection timing, but it was increased by advanced injection timing when performing the main injection only, and the number of the nanoparticles increased as pilot injections were added. Last, the optimal conditions for EMS calibration were analyzed by selecting the conditions of torque reduction and NOx increase within 5 % from all of the engine operating conditions; optimized conditions are presented.     

5-羟色胺转运体基因多态性和抑郁症的发病、性别、严重程度及自杀行为的相关性

目的探讨中国汉族人群5-羟色胺转运体启动区(5-HTTLPR)基因多态性和抑郁症的发病、性别、严重程度及自杀是否相关。方法应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增技术测定150例抑郁症患者和150例正常对照者的5-HT-TLPR基因型和等位基因,分别验证各种基因型与中、重度抑郁症发病、性别及自杀行为的相关性。结果病例组SS、LS基因型及S等位基因频率均高于对照组(26.0% vs.20.0%;52.7% vs.46.0%;52.3% vs.43.0%;P均<0.05);两组性别分层比较,女性S等位基因频率高于对照组(55.3% vs.43.6%,P<0.05);病例组严重程度分层比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);病例组有无自杀行为分层比较,有自杀行为患者SS基因型频率(37.3% vs.20.2%)及S等位基因频率(61.8% vs.47.5%)均高于无自杀行为患者(P<0.05);抑郁自杀组性别分层比较未显示显著性差异(P>0.05);抑郁自杀组病情程度分层比较,重度抑郁自杀者SS基因型频率(42.5% vs.18.2%)及S等位基因频率(68.7% vs.36.4%)均高于中度抑郁自杀者(P<0.05)。结论在中国汉族人群中,5-HTTLPR多态性和抑郁症相关。S等位基因可能是抑郁症的易感基因,特别是女性,SS型可能是抑郁症易感基因型;S等位基因可能是抑郁症患者自杀的危险基因,SS基因型人群可能是抑郁症患者自杀的危险人群,特别是携带S等位基因的重度抑郁症患者更易自杀。     

爆炸荷载作用下柔性支承钢筋混凝土梁动力响应分析

钢筋混凝土结构在爆炸荷载下的承载能力可以通过设置柔性支承提高。理想的刚性支承在实际结构中很难实现,通常都是柔性支承。通过在梁两端设置弹簧和阻尼器,建立了柔性支承条件下的钢筋混凝土梁的数值计算模型。运用LS-DYNA有限元分析程序对所建立的柔性支承梁有限元模型进行了计算。研究表明:与理想刚性支承相比,柔性支承对钢筋混凝土梁的变形有很大阻碍作用。梁的变形随着弹性支承刚度的减小而减小,并且结构的振动周期会随之增大。梁的挠度随着阻尼支承系数的增大而减小。因此,设置合理的弹性支承和阻尼支承可以提高钢筋混凝土结构的抗力。     

基于仿真的沿海港口甩挂场站布局方案比选

甩挂运输以其高效低碳的特点正得到迅速发展。针对当前国内甩挂场站研究中功能布局、建设规模等方面的量化研究相对不足,利用微观仿真软件VISSIM建立沿海港口甩挂运输场站交通仿真模型,研究甩挂车辆在场站内运行状况,评价场站内部功能布局方案,并以某港口为例,验证该模型的有效性。     

船舶甲板分段纵骨焊接变形和残余应力数值模拟

基于非线性分析软件Abaqus,采用顺序耦合的热弹塑性有限元方法研究典型船舶甲板分段纵骨焊接的变形与残余应力问题。焊接过程中的温度场分析采用具有截面积分shell单元的shell/solid模型,移动热源为高斯分布与均匀体组合热源,材料考虑应变随温度变化的特性。通过与T型接头焊接实验结果对比,验证了方法的可靠性。在此基础上,计算分析了甲板分段纵骨焊接的整体变形和局部板格变形,并讨论了外板纵向和横向焊接残余应力分布规律。