Comparison of two injection systems in an HSDI diesel engine using split injection and different injector nozzles

The demand for reduced pollutant emissions has motivated various technological advances in passenger car diesel engines. This paper presents a study comparing two fuel injection systems and analyzing their combustion noise and pollutant emissions. The abilities of different injection strategies to meet strict regulations were evaluated. The difficult task of maintaining a constant specific fuel consumption while trying to reduce pollutant emissions was the aim of this study. The engine being tested was a 0.287-liter single-cylinder engine equipped with a common-rail injection system. A solenoid and a piezoelectric injector were tested in the engine. The engine was operated under low load conditions using two injection events, high EGR rates, no swirl, three injection pressures and eight different dwell times. Four injector nozzles with approximately the same fuel injection rate were tested using the solenoid injection system (10 and 12 orifice configuration) and piezoelectric system (6 and 12 orifice design). The injection system had a significant influence on pollutant emissions and combustion noise. The piezoelectric injector presented the best characteristics for future studies since it allows for shorter injection durations and greater precision, which means smaller fuel mass deliveries with faster responses.     

支持CMM实施的软件工具述评

CMM(能力成熟度模型)的每个成熟级别由关键过程域(KPA)组成，每个KPA确定一组相关活动。为了有效地进行这些活动，需要在整个软件开发过程中引入相关工具，帮助软件企业或开发团队实施CMM。论述了实施CMM需要的主要工具，包括软件开发过程框架、需求管理工具、面向对象的分析设计工具、配置管理工具、变更管理工具和软件测试工具。     

舰船噪声包络谱分析

用希尔伯特变换求舰船噪声信号的包络谱，通过对实测舰船信号的分析，讨论了舰船信号包络谱和功率谱之间的关系。     

光纤陀螺,旋转捷联惯导系统误差分析(英文)

The error equation of a rotating inertial navigation system was introduced. The effect of the system’s main error source (constant drift of gyro and zero bias of accelerometer) under rotating conditions for the system was analyzed. Validity of theoretical analysis was shown via simulation, and that provides a theoretical foundation for a rotating strap-down inertial navigation system during actual experimentation and application.     

Equilibrium analysis of the scheduling of tours in congested networks

In this paper, we develop a model of travel in tours that joins several locations by travel through a congested network. We develop a microscopic analysis in continuous time of individual benefits obtained by spending time at each of the locations and costs incurred through travel between them. This is combined with a continuous time macroscopic equilibrium model of travel during congested peak periods to show how individuals' travel choices are influenced by the congestion that result from corresponding choices made by others. We show how different travellers can achieve identical net utilities by making different combinations of choices within the equilibrium. The resulting model can be used to investigate the effect on travel behaviour and individual utility of various transport interventions, and we illustrate this by considering the effect of a peak‐period charge that eliminates congestion.     

不良天气环境下高速公路运营安全与管理

作为道路环境的组成部分,气候条件与行车安全性之间有着密切的联系。本文将首先对影响交通的天气气象因素进行分类,然后通过对沪宁高速公路事故资料及相应气象资料的综合分析,统计不同天气条件下的事故分布,从事故原因、形态、时间分布以及严重程度等方面对灾害性天气下的事故特征进行讨论,并初步探讨了不良天气环境下高速公路安全管理系统的建立。     

Influence of peak spreading and departure time choice on evaluation of its measures

Intelligent transport systems provide various means to improve capacity and travel time in road networks. Evaluation of the benefits of these improvements requires consideration of travellers' response to them. We consider a continuous‐time equilibrium model of departure time choice and identify a formula for the dynamic equilibrium departure rate profile. We develop the analysis to consider the effect on the cost incurred by travellers of ITS measures through their effects on each of the travel time in the absence of congestion, and the capacity for travel. This shows the importance in choice of departure time of travellers' values of time at each of the origin and destination of their journeys. We show the importance of these values of time in evaluation, and that if travellers value their time at both the origin and destination of their journeys, their responses will lead them to achieve a greater reduction in costs than would be achieved under free‐flow conditions.     

Changes in level of household car ownership: the role of life events and spatial context

Recent longitudinal studies of household car ownership have examined factors associated with increases and decreases in car ownership level. The contribution of this panel data analysis is to identify the predictors of different types of car ownership level change (zero to one car, one to two cars and vice versa) and demonstrate that these are quite different in nature. The study develops a large scale data set (n = 19,334), drawing on the first two waves (2009–2011) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). This has enabled the generation of a comprehensive set of life event and spatial context variables. Changes to composition of households (people arriving and leaving) and to driving licence availability are the strongest predictors of car ownership level changes, followed by employment status and income changes. Households were found to be more likely to relinquish cars in association with an income reduction than they were to acquire cars in association with an income gain. This may be attributed to the economic recession of the time. The effect of having children differs according to car ownership state with it increasing the probability of acquiring a car for non-car owners and increasing the probability of relinquishing a car for two car owners. Sensitivity to spatial context is demonstrated by poorer access to public transport predicting higher probability of a non-car owning household acquiring a car and lower probability of a one-car owning household relinquishing a car. While previous panel studies have had to rely on comparatively small samples, the large scale nature of the UKHLS has provided robust and comprehensive evidence of the factors that determine different car ownership level changes.     

基于微观交通仿真的城市交叉口机动车尾气排放评估

为了更加准确地预测和评估在复杂交通运行状况下机动车的排放,并解决试验测试法耗时费力的问题,建立了城市交通微观仿真模型,在此基础上对武汉市某典型交叉路口进行了案例研究,获得交通高峰期车辆的仿真瞬态行驶工况,将仿真的公交车行驶工况与实测的行驶工况进行对比分析,证明该模型能较真实地反映实际的车辆行驶工况.同时还开发了一个接口,使微观交通仿真模型与IVE排放模型耦合,计算交叉路口机动车的多种尾气排放.针对在不同信号灯控制条件下和不同类型公交站点布置对交叉口车辆排放的影响进行评估和比较,为改善交叉口机动车排放提供决策依据.     

大深度潜水器稳定翼设计方法的研究

论述了大深度潜水器稳定翼外形及布置方式、材料选择及结构型式、外载荷确定方法、动载荷及安全系数的选择、应力计算方法及其强度校核标准等,为我国编制大深度载人潜水器入级和建造规范中稳定翼设计提供依据和研制同类型产品(HOV,ROV,AUV)提供参考.