The method of imbedded Lagrangian element to estimate wave power absorption by some submerged devices

A simple approach is described to estimate the wave power absorption potential of submerged devices known to cause wave focusing and flow enhancement. In particular, the presence of a flow-through power take-off （PTO） system, such as low-head turbines, can be accounted for. The wave radiation characteristics of an appropriately selected Lagrangian element （LE） in the fluid domain are first determined. In the limit of a vanishing mass, the LE reduces to a patch of distributed normal dipoles. The hydrodynamic coefficients of this virtual object are then input in a standard equation of motion where the effect of the PTO can be represented, for example, as a dashpot damping term. The process is illustrated for a class of devices recently proposed by Carter and Ertekin （2011）, although in a simplified form. Favorable wave power absorption is shown for large ratios of the LE wave radiation coefficient over the LE added mass coefficient. Under optimal conditions, the relative flow reduction from the PTO theoretically lies between 0.50 and 1 2 ≈ 0.71, with lower values corresponding to better configurations. Wave power capture widths, the sensitivity of results to PTO damping and sample spectral calculations at a typical site in Hawaiian waters are proposed to further illustrate the versatility of the method.     

Accounting for travel time variability in the optimal pricing of cars and buses

A number of studies have shown that in addition to travel time and cost as the common influences on mode, route and departure time choices, travel time variability plays an increasingly important role, especially in the presence of traffic congestion on roads and crowding on public transport. The dominant focus of modelling and implementation of optimal pricing that incorporates trip time variability has been in the context of road pricing for cars. The main objective of this paper is to introduce a non-trivial extension to the existing literature on optimal pricing in a multimodal setting, building in the role of travel time variability as a source of disutility for car and bus users. We estimate the effect of variability in travel time and bus headway on optimal prices (i.e., tolls for cars and fares for buses) and optimal bus capacity (i.e., frequencies and size) accounting for crowding on buses, under a social welfare maximisation framework. Travel time variability is included by adopting the well-known mean–variance model, using an empirical relationship between the mean and standard deviation of travel times. We illustrate our model with an application to a highly congested corridor with cars, buses and walking as travel alternatives in Sydney, Australia. There are three main findings that have immediate policy implications: (i) including travel time variability results in higher optimal car tolls and substantial increases in toll revenue, while optimal bus fares remain almost unchanged; (ii) when bus headways are variable, the inclusion of travel time variability as a source of disutility for users yields higher optimal bus frequencies; and (iii) including both travel time variability and crowding discomfort leads to higher optimal bus sizes.     

Discussion on retaining structure limit state classificationEI北大核心

Research purposes: Retaining structure belongs to the geotechnical engineering structure, the limit state classification of geotechnical engineering is more difficult than the structure projects. Based on the limit state concept at home and abroad, this paper makes a comparison and analysis of the common and difference of geotechnical engineering and structural engineering limit state, teases the retaining structure limit state and focuses on limit state of open-cut foundation and pile foundation, proposes the recommendation of limit state classification of retaining structure. Research conclusions: (1) The generalized limit state can be considered as a function which can achieve the expected requirements, the limit state is not limited to the concept of damage and failure, and its extension has been expanded to the requirements of that the goal of expected design cannot be achieved-a prescribed limit. (2) Retaining structure belongs to the category of geotechnical engineering, its limit state includes structure overall stability limit states and the structural stability limit state which includes the bearing capacity limit state and serviceability limit state and limit state between them, the state needs to be studied further. (3) In general area, the compressive stress limit state of open-cut foundation and lateral pressure limit state of rock foundation anchor pile foundation can be considered as the serviceability limit state. (4) The research conclusion is useful for guiding the design research of retaining structure limit state.     

Design research of gravity retaining wall based on limit state design methodEI北大核心

Research purposes: Gravity retaining wall limit state design research is based on the design research of retaining structure limit state of open-cut foundation with the lateral earth pressure supported by wall body weight. This paper sums up the research thought of gravity retaining wall and analyzed their main calculation results, which provides reference for the open-cut foundation retaining structure design research of cantilever retaining wall, counterfort retaining wall, groove type retaining wall and so on. Research conclusions: (1) The steps for design research of the gravity retaining wall limit state are to establish a limit state equation, to calculate reliability index and determine the target reliability index, calculate partial coefficient and set up the design expression. (2) The most critical factor influencing gravity retaining wall limit state is comprehensive internal friction angle. (3) There are different function calculations and different design conditions for the gravity retaining wall in the current specification, their underlying reliability index is different, the corresponding partial coefficient should also be different. (4) The research conclusion can be used to guide the design of gravity retaining wall, which provides the reference to the design research of other open-cut foundation retaining structure.     

Dynamic system‐optimal traffic assignment for a city using the continuum modeling approach

This paper presents a continuum dynamic traffic assignment model for a city in which the total cost of the traffic system is minimized: the travelers in the system are organized to choose the route to their destinations that minimizes the total cost of the system. Combined with the objective function, which defines the total cost and constraints such as certain physical and boundary conditions, a continuum model can be formulated as an optimization scheme with a feasible region in the function space. To obtain an admissible locally optimal solution to this problem, we first reformulate the optimization in discrete form and then introduce a heuristic method to solve it. This method converges rapidly with attractive computational cost. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大跨度地下洞室集成化围岩分类体系构建及可视化程序实现

文章通过整合目前国内外常用的围岩分类方法,对各分类方法评价指标、评价标准进行了相关性分析研究,从内核建立了分类方法等效换算公式、经验性关联图表;且针对大跨度地下洞室工程扰动影响作用的显著特征,依据"有限性劣化"处理思路,提出了工程因素对围岩质量劣化效应的定量表示法,藉此构建了可反映工程因素影响的集成化围岩分类体系;应用VB.Net语言编制了"大跨度地下洞室集成化围岩分类体系(IRMCS)"可视化程序。该程序可实现"一次输入,多种分类方法评价结果输出";最后,以大岗山水电站主厂房顶拱厂横0-60~0+166m围岩为例,应用该程序对其围岩分类、稳定性结果、支护建议予以综合评价,分析结果与实际情况吻合度较好。     

针对地铁车辆轴箱轴承寿命的二维计算方法

地铁车辆的载荷线路工况复杂多变,而传统轴箱轴承计算方法在计算轴承寿命时仅以定值载荷描述车辆的载荷工况,采用单一的冲击载荷系数修正车辆运行线路工况对轴承寿命的影响,无法反映出轴承使用工况的复杂性,导致计算出的轴承寿命与实际偏差较大。为此,提出了基于车辆载荷工况和线路工况的二维寿命计算方法,将轴承寿命表达为载荷和线路工况及其相应概率的函数,从而确保所得的轴承寿命值与实际值更加接近。根据某地铁线路实际运行工况,利用二维寿命计算方法计算出轴承疲劳寿命为1.596 Mkm,而相比采用传统轴承寿命计算方法计算出轴承疲劳寿命为3.652 Mkm,前者比后者下降了56.3%。     

基于模式搜索法高精度矫正钢轨磨耗测量的定位偏差

为保证车辆与钢轨具有较理想的轮轨接触关系钢轨需定期打磨,打磨量是一个重要指标。为获取打磨量,需在打磨前后各测量一次钢轨,这两次测量中仪器定位位置可能不同,从而计算出的打磨量会有较大误差。针对这种误差提出一种仪器定位误差矫正方法,并将该法编程嵌入到轮轨测量分析软件中,经仿真测试及实测仪器验证,该法能高精度地矫正误差。     

盾构隧道开挖面被动极限支护压力的三维解析解

文章基于莫尔-库仑屈服准则,通过优化楔形块体的倾角并考虑土体粘聚力的影响,对现有的楔形块+倒棱台的土体破坏模型进行改进,建立了能够得到盾构隧道开挖面处于被动极限平衡状态下支护压力的三维计算模型;同时推导得出了相应的计算公式,并通过优化计算得到了开挖面处被动支护压力最小时楔形块体的倾角及极限支护压力;结合一算例,将所建模型的预测结果与经典的上限解进行了分析对比,验证了其合理性;最后探讨了土体内摩擦角、土体粘聚力、隧道上覆土厚度与隧道开挖面处被动极限压应力间的相互关系。研究结果表明:土体的粘聚力越大,开挖面处被动极限支护压应力越大,两者呈线性关系;土体的内摩擦角越大,被动极限支护压应力越大,且其变化速率也越快;随着隧道上覆土厚度的增加,被动极限支护压应力逐渐增加,且变化速率越来越快,两者之间近似呈指数函数关系。     

CAN总线技术在纯电动客车上的应用

简述电动汽车的特点,说明CAN总线技术在电动汽车领域的应用情况,重点介绍某纯电动客车上的CAN总线技术应用的结构设计。