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141.
俄罗斯铁路的微机联锁系统 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
C·C·普列斯尼亚克 《中国铁路》2003,(6):65-66
简要回顾俄罗斯铁路联锁系统的发展历史,对继电器成本进行了经济有效性比较,介绍俄罗斯铁路微机联锁系统的组成。 相似文献
142.
The Arabian Sea exhibits a complex pattern of biogeochemical and ecological dynamics, which vary both seasonally and spatially. These dynamics have been studied using a one-dimensional vertical hydrodynamic model coupled to a complex ecosystem model, simulating the annual cycle at three contrasting stations. These stations are characterised by seasonally upwelling, mixed-layer-deepening and a-seasonal oligotrophic conditions, respectively, and coincide with extensively measured stations on the two JGOFS ARABESQUE cruises in 1994. The model reproduces many spatial and temporal trends in production, biomass, physical and chemical properties, both qualitatively and quantitatively and so gives insight into the main mechanisms responsible for the biogeochemical and ecological complexity. Monsoonal systems are typified by classical food web dynamics, whilst intermonsoonal and oligotrophic systems are dominated by the microbial loop. The ecosystem model (ERSEM), developed for temperate regions, is found to be applicable to the Arabian Sea system with little reparameterisation. Differences in in-situ physical forcing are sufficient to recreate contrasting eutrophic and oligotrophic systems, although the lack of lateral terms are probably the greatest source of error in the model. Physics, nutrients, light and grazing are all shown to play a role in controlling production and community structure. Small-celled phytoplanktons are predicted to be dominant and sub-surface chlorophyll maxima are robust centers of production during intermonsoon periods. Analysis of carbon fluxes indicate that physically driven outgassing of CO2 predominates in monsoonal upwelling systems but ecological activity may significantly moderate CO2 outgassing in the Arabian Sea interior. 相似文献
143.
Vehicles stopping at signalized intersections were examined for the purpose of evaluating the validity of the common assumption of constant and uniform deceleration rates. The data set consisted of the first vehicles to stop upon the onset of the yellow signal interval with measurements of the initial approach speed, deceleration time, and deceleration distance. The deceleration rate may be computed using only two of the three measured values; thus the rate for each vehicle can be determined by three different equations. With nonuniform deceleration profiles, the equations will produce different values; and the degree of nonuniformity can be determined by comparing the differences in the computed deceleration rates. The analysis of the field observations indicated that 69 percent of the vehicles demonstrated deceleration profiles associated with nonuniform deceleration rates. Furthermore, the deceleration profile and the degree of nonuniformity were found to be a function of the initial approach speed. 相似文献
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145.
Laurence C. Breaker David B. Gilhousen Hendrik L. Tolman Lawrence D. Burroughs 《Journal of Marine Systems》1998,16(3-4)
Measurements of boundary layer moisture have been acquired from Rotronic MP-100 sensors deployed on two NDBC buoys in the northern Gulf of Mexico from June through November 1993. For one sensor, which was retrieved approximately 8 months after deployment, the post- and precalibrations agreed closely and fell well within WMO specifications for accuracy. The second sensor operated continuously from June 1993 to February 1997 (3.5 years). Buoy observations of relative humidity and supporting data were used to calculate specific humidity and the surface fluxes of latent and sensible heat. Specific humidities from the buoys were compared with observations of moisture obtained from nearby ship reports, and the correlations were generally high (0.7–0.9). Surface gravity wave spectra were also acquired. The time series of specific humidity and the other buoy parameters revealed three primary scales of variability, small (h), synoptic (days), and seasonal (months). The synoptic variability was clearly dominant and occurred primarily during September, October, and November. Most of the synoptic variability was due to frontal systems that dropped down into the Gulf of Mexico from the continental US followed by air masses which were cold and dry. Cross-correlation analyses of the buoy data indicated that: (1) the moisture field was highly coherent over distances of 800 km or more in the northern Gulf of Mexico; and (2) both specific humidity and air temperature served as tracers of the motion associated with propagating atmospheric disturbances. These correlation analyses also revealed that the prevailing weather systems generally entered the buoy domain from the South prior to September, but primarily from the North thereafter. Spectra of the various buoy parameters indicated strong diurnal and semidiurnal variability for barometric pressure and sea surface temperature (SST) and lesser variability for air temperature, wind speed and significant wave height. The surface fluxes of latent and sensible heat were dominated by the synoptic events which took place from September through November with the transfer of latent heat being primarily from the ocean to the atmosphere. Finally, an analysis of the surface wave observations from each buoy, which included calculations of wave age and estimates of surface roughness, indicate that major heat and moisture flux events coincide with periods of active wave growth, although the data were insufficient to identify any causal relationships. 相似文献
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147.
New Large Aircraft (NLA) are new aircraft developments larger than any existing aircraft. The NLA's higher seat capacity will significantly impact passenger terminal design and operations. This paper focuses on the issues regarding the departure lounge. Deterministic queuing theory is used to determine the size and seating configuration of the lounge, as well as to decide whether a second level should be built to accommodate the increase in the number of passengers. The paper also discusses the use of the satellite section of a pier‐satellite terminal as a single lounge for the NLA. Spreadsheets are used to implement the analyses. 相似文献
148.
本文研究了海洋蒸发波导条件下如何利用船舶报数据对雷达的探测距离进行计算,通过所需海区和时间段有效的历年船舶报气象信息得到大气折射率剖面,再利用抛物型方程计算出电磁波传播单程损耗,接着利用雷达方程得到目标的传播损耗门限,最后得到所需海区和时间段的雷达对目标的最远作用距离.实测结果表明,此方法是可行的. 相似文献
149.
150.
The characteristics of auto-ignition and micro-explosion behaviors of one-dimensional arrays of fuel droplets suspended in
a chamber with high surrounding temperature were investigated experimentally with various droplet spacings, numbers of droplet
and surrounding temperatures. The fuels used were pure n-decane and emulsified n-decane with varied water contents ranging
from 10 to 30%. All experiments were performed under atmospheric conditions with high surrounding temperatures. An imaging
technique using a high-speed camera was adopted to measure ignition delay, flame lifetime, and flame spread speed. The camera
was also used to observe micro-explosion behaviors. As the droplet array spacing increased, the ignition delay also increased,
regardless of water content. However, the lifetime of the droplet array decreased as the droplet spacing increased. The micro-explosion
starting time remained unchanged regardless of the number of the droplets or the droplet spacing; however, it tended to be
delayed slightly as the water percentage and droplet spacing increased. 相似文献