Reliability assessment of maintained ship hulls with correlated corroded elements

This paper reviews the factors that affect the corrosion rate of the ship hull girder. It is shown that corrosion rates vary as a function of the location of the element in the structure, of the ocean area and type of ballast tank and steel. However, the corrosion rate in elements that are subjected to similar conditions is highly correlated.

A time-variant formulation is proposed including the correlation between the corrosion rates in neighbouring elements in modelling the degrading effect that corrosion has on the reliability of ship hulls. The effect of corrosion is represented as a time-dependent decrease of plate thickness that affects the midship section modulus. One repair policy was considered and the example results show the effect of plate replacement when its thickness reaches 75% of the original value. The results also illustrate how the limit value of the thickness in the repair criteria influences the reliability and the decision about repair actions. This is also shown for the effect of different corrosion rates, inspection intervals, and allowable stresses.     

Deep foundation pit excavation procedure optimization considering creep deformation on nearby metro tunnelEI北大核心

Research purposes: The existing researches about excavating procedures of deep foundation pit on nearby metro tunnel in soft formation are lack of systematicness, and creep characteristics of soft clay are not usually taken into consideration. This paper takes Qianhaiwan station of Metro Line 11 in Shengzhen as engineering background and considers creep characteristics in sludge formation. The influence of step excavation in the transversal, longitudinal and vertical directions on the deformation of foundation pit and nearby subway tunnel are simulated, which may be expected to provide theoretical basis for choosing foundation pit excavation procedure of Qianhaiwan station. Research conclusions: (1) The segment far away from tunnel should be excavated firstly when only transversal step excavation was undertaken along the horizontal direction of foundation pit. (2) The maximum horizontal displacement of the piles show exponential relations with the number of segments when step excavation of foundation pit was undertaken in vertical and transversal or longitudinal. If thickness of every step excavation was limited in 1.5~2 m, the horizontal displacement of the pile near tunnel can be reduced about 9 percent when there is no horizontal step excavation. (3) Transversal step excavation with segments far from tunnel excavated firstly was found to be the best step excavation method under the same condition of step number and support, and longitudinal and transversal step excavation followed while longitudinal step excavation was the last. (4) The research results have guiding significance for foundation pit of Qianhaiwan station and similar projects.     

Regularity analysis on transient over-voltage of grounding grid by lighting strokes in substationsEI北大核心

Research purposes: Lightning has been one of the important factors endangering safe and reliable operation of the railway. The grounding grid performance plays a particularly important role in lightning protection. In this paper, the author has established a grounding grid transient model by the electromagnetic transient analysis software and intended for quantitative analysis of typically grounding grid layout in engineering practice, to lay important theoretical basis for future lightning protection and grounding. Research conclusions: (1) The results show that the ground potential is significantly affected by the soil resistivity, lightning current amplitude and the mesh size. With increase of the soil resistivity and lightning current amplitude, the ground potential at the point of the lightning current injection will significantly improve, but due to the spark discharge of the soil. The ground potential does not increase exponentially with potential lightning current amplitude. The smaller the mesh size, the better the ground potential attenuation. For example of the lightning current 20 kA and the soil resistivity 100 Ω·m, the ground potential of the 5 m×5 m mesh decreases 22.3% compared with the 10 m×10 m mesh. (2) The study finds that the ground potential attenuation away from the lightning strike point at 15 m basically reaches the maximum, which is about 89%. And the degree of attenuation is independent of lightning current amplitude. (3) The results are mainly used for optimization program and design fields on substation lightning protection and grounding.     

A Simplified Model for the Effect of Weld-Induced Residual Stresses on the Axial Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Plates

The present work investigates the compressive axial ultimate strength of fillet-welded steel-plated ship structures subjected to uniaxial compression, in which the residual stresses in the welded plates are calculated by a thermo-elasto-plastic finite element analysis that is used to fit an idealized model of residual stress distribution. The numerical results of ultimate strength based on the simplified model of residual stress show good agreement with those of various methods including the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) Common Structural Rules (CSR), leading to the conclusion that the simplified model can be effectively used to represent the distribution of residual stresses in steel-plated structures in a wide range of engineering applications. It is concluded that the widths of the tension zones in the welded plates have a quasi-linear behavior with respect to the plate slenderness. The effect of residual stress on the axial strength of the stiffened plate is analyzed and discussed.     

Widening the Panama Canal and U.S. ports: historical and economic impact analyses

ABSTRACT

The economic history of the U.S. illustrates how the role of many cities has been changed by being seaports or located on navigable rivers or lakes. Based on the widening of the Panama Canal in 2016, the West Coast ports that include the west coast seaports of California, Oregon, and Washington were expected to become less important, while the freight shares of the East Coast and Gulf ports would increase. By how much it has been not easy to measure or predict so far, but this study attempted to define some of the key parameters in the measurement. As well as several relevant background topics, both the demand- and supply-side versions of the National Interstate Economic Model, have been applied for the measurement of economic impacts. U.S. port authorities and policy makers at the local and national levels who respond and develop plans for coping with the new realities of the Panama Canal are able to understand the extent to which changes in shippers’ and land-mode transporters’ behaviors would undermine the logistics and the costs of their activities. Therefore, this study is important for a diverse spectrum of port development strategies in the U.S. to respond to the Canal expansion.     

Characteristics and calculation method of sound radiation of cylindrical shell with porous sound-absorbing material under acoustic excitation北大核心CSCD

［Objective］This paper aims to study the characteristics and calculation method of the vibration and sound radiation of single ring-stiffened cylindrical shells with porous fiber composite materials installed in the inner wall under acoustic excitation. ［Method ］ Based on the equivalent fluid theory model of Johnson–Champoux–Allard (JCA) and the transfer matrix of the multilayer medium, a theoretical formula of the sound absorption coefficient of multilayer sound absorption structures is derived. The three methods for calculating the vibration and sound radiation of a single ring-stiffened cylindrical shell with porous fiber materials under acoustic excitation, namely acoustic solid modeling of porous media, finite element model combined with theoretical formula and imposition of impedance boundary on sound absorption coefficient, are then verified and compared. Finally, the influences of sound-absorbing material's thickness, backed-air gap, static flow resistance, and material arrangement order on the acoustic absorption performance of the cylindrical shell are investigated. ［Results］The results show that laying porous fiber composite materials on the cylindrical shell internally can reduce the vibration and acoustic radiation of cylindrical shell structure. The sound absorption coefficient curve can quickly and effectively predict the resulting trend of the vibration and sound radiation of the cylindrical shell. ［Conclusion］The acoustic absorption performance of sound absorption structures can be effectively improved through the rational design of their properties and arrangement order of the sound-absorbing materials in order to achieve the purpose of vibration and noise reduction. © 2023 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved.     

A line impedance stabilization network for pulse current injection北大核心CSCD

［Objective］Aiming at the deficiency of the existing line impedance stability network (LISN) in the electromagnetic pulse protection capability, a LISN suitable for the pulse current injection (PCI) test of electrical and electronic equipment is proposed. ［Methods］Aiming at the characteristics of high peak value and fast rise of the pulse current in PCI testing, the circuit structure and physical structure of the LISN are improved on the existing basis through PSpice time-domain and frequency-domain simulation combined with engineering design requirements, thereby giving it good nanosecond pulse protection performance and impedance stability at the same time. Pulse current protection performance test and impedance curve test experiments are then designed and carried out.［Results］The experimental results show that the improved LISN can attenuate the injected pulse current by 60 times, while the error of its impedance curve is less than 5% compared with the Type 5 µH LISN in GJB 151B-2013. ［Conclusions］The proposed LISN has good impedance stability and decoupling ability, and can be used in the PCI testing of electrical and electronic equipment in order to protect the power supply and improve the repeatability of testing. © 2023 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved.     

Survey of ship platoon cooperative control北大核心CSCD

船舶列队是未来水路运输的重要方式。分析船舶列队协同控制的特点和原理;从船−岸协同交互、列队控制模型、列队运动控制、列队典型应用等4个方面分别进行现状分析与梳理。总结当前船舶列队控制技术瓶颈,包括人机共驾控制、列队控制运动不确定性建模、列队协同控制一致性、通信受限下船舶列队鲁棒控制及一致性控制等。最后,指出未来的船舶列队协同控制发展,应重点解决基于数据驱动与机理融合的列队运动建模、基于生物群体机制的船舶列队控制、基于分层控制的船舶列队控制等关键问题。     

Hybrid Electric Drive for DDG-51 Class Destroyers

The first of the Arleigh Burke class destroyers is nearing its mid-life. This class of ships was designed during the late 1970s through the 1980s to meet the threats that were prevalent at that time. Since entering service in 1991, these ships have shown themselves to be extremely versatile and the class now consists of nearly 60 ships in service. Their combat systems have been continually upgraded and adapted to meet the new threats the United States faces today. However, in order to keep these platforms viable throughout the first half of the 21st century, their operating costs must be reduced. Manpower, maintenance, and fuel are three of the top operating cost drivers. Most surface combatants spend very little of their underway time operating at full speed or even close to that. Over 1/3 of their underway time is spent at 12 knots and under. This is less than half of their maximum speed and only a fraction of the maximum power owing to the cubic speed–power relationship. Although the existing mechanical drive system is reasonably efficient, the main gas turbines are extremely inefficient at these very low power levels. A shaft-mounted auxiliary electric propulsion system (EPS) can take advantage of excess capacity in the ship service generators to reduce the main engine operating hours. Enabling bi-directional power flow from this auxiliary electric drive will provide additional generation capacity for ship service loads at a modest additional cost. It also provides a "cross-connect" capability from one shaft to the other. This paper will explore one prospect for reducing the operating cost of the DDG-51 class of ships by installing an auxiliary EPS that would powered by the ship service electrical plant. This additional system would serve to reduce both underway fuel usage as well as maintenance on the gas turbine main engines by reducing the number of operating hours on each engine. We will examine the technology trade-offs in this ongoing study.