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321.
Suspended sediment and erosion dynamics in Kugmallit Bay and Beaufort Sea during ice-free conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tony R. Walker Jon Grant Peter Cranford D. Gwyn Lintern Paul Hill Peter Jarvis Jeffrey Barrell Christian Nozais 《Journal of Marine Systems》2008,74(3-4):794
The Mackenzie River is the largest river on the North American side of the Arctic and its huge freshwater and sediment load impacts the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. Huge quantities of sediment and associated organic carbon are transported in the Mackenzie plume into the interior of the Arctic Ocean mainly during the freshet (May to September). Changing climate scenarios portend increased coastal erosion and resuspension that lead to altered river-shelf-slope particle budgets. We measured sedimentation rates, suspended particulate matter (SPM), particle size and settling rates during ice-free conditions in Kugmallit Bay (3–5 m depth). Additionally, measurements of erosion rate, critical shear stress, particle size distribution and resuspension threshold of bottom sediments were examined at four regionally contrasting sites (33–523 m depth) on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf using a new method for assessing sediment erosion. Wind induced resuspension was evidenced by a strong relationship between SPM and wind speed in Kugmallit Bay. Deployment of sediment traps showed decreasing sedimentation rates at sites along an inshore–offshore transect ranging from 5400 to 3700 g m− 2 day− 1. Particle settling rates and size distributions measured using a Perspex settling chamber showed strong relationships between equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) and particle settling rates (r2 = 0.91). Mean settling rates were 0.72 cm s− 1 with corresponding ESD values of 0.9 mm. Undisturbed sediment cores were exposed to shear stress in an attempt to compare differences in sediment stability across the shelf during September to October 2003. Shear was generated by vertically oscillating a perforated disc at controlled frequencies corresponding to calibrated shear velocity using a piston grid erosion device. Critical (Type I) erosion thresholds (u) varied between 1.1 and 1.3 cm s− 1 with no obvious differences in location. Sediments at the deepest site Amundsen Gulf displayed the highest erosion rates (22–54 g m− 2 min− 1) with resuspended particle sizes ranging from 100 to 930 µm for all sites. There was no indication of biotic influence on sediment stability, although our cores did not display a fluff layer of unconsolidated sediment. Concurrent studies in the delta and shelf region suggest the importance of a nepheloid layer which transports suspended particles to the slope. Continuous cycles of resuspension, deposition, and horizontal advection may intensify with reduction of sea ice in this region. Our measurements coupled with studies of circulation and cross-shelf exchange allow parameterization and modeling of particle dynamics and carbon fluxes under various climate change scenarios. 相似文献
322.
A probabilistic framework for weather-based rerouting and delay estimations within an Airspace Planning model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michael V. McCrea Hanif D. Sherali Antonio A. Trani 《Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies》2008,16(4):410-431
In this paper, we develop a novel severe weather-modeling paradigm to be applied within the context of a large-scale Airspace Planning and collaborative decision-making model in order to reroute flights with respect to a specified probability threshold of encountering severe weather, subject to collision safety, airline equity, and sector workload considerations. This approach serves as an alternative to the current practice adopted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of adjusting flight routes in accordance with the guidelines specified in the National Playbook. Our innovative contributions in this paper include (a) the concept of “Probability-Nets” and the development of discretized representations of various weather phenomena that affect aviation operations; (b) the integration of readily accessible severe weather probabilities from existing weather forecast data provided by the National Weather Service; (c) the generation of flight plans that circumvent severe weather phenomena with specified probability threshold levels, and (d) a probabilistic delay assessment methodology for evaluating planned flight routes that might encounter potentially disruptive weather along its trajectory. Additionally, we conduct an economic benefit analysis using a k-means clustering mechanism in concert with our delay assessment methodology in order to evaluate delay costs and system disruptions associated with variations in probability-net refinement-based information. Computational results and insights are presented based on flight test cases derived from the Enhanced Traffic Management System data provided by the FAA and using weather scenarios derived from the Model Output Statistics forecast data provided by the National Weather Service. 相似文献
323.
J. N. Kim H. Y. Kim S. S. Yoon S. D. Sa 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(6):649-657
A fully three-dimensional model was used to investigate the optimal value for intake valve lift in a CAI engine. Uniform mixing
in the engine is a key parameter that affects the auto-ignition reliability and thermal efficiency. The method of intake of
the air supply often determines the uniformity (or quality) of the fuel-air mixture. In this paper, four strategies were applied
for controlling the swirl intensity of intake air. The variation of the intake valve lift induces different swirling and tumbling
intensities. Both experimental data and 1D WAVE software (Ricardo, Co.) were coupled with the 3D model to provide pressure and temperature boundary conditions. The initial condition of the
EGR mass fraction was also provided by the 1D model. The benchmark scenario (Case 1) was considered as a valve lift with 2
mm for all intake valves. We found that an intake valve lift of 6 mm with the other intake valve closed (i.e., Case 5) yielded
the largest swirling (helical motion in the axial direction) and tumbling, which in turn rendered optimal fuel-gas mixing.
We also found that fuel distribution affected the auto-ignition sites (or spot). The better the mixing, the greater the gas
temperature and combustion efficiency achieved, as seen in Case 5. The NOx level, however, was increased due to the gas temperature.
The optimal operating condition is selected from the viewpoints of environmental protection and combustion efficiency. 相似文献
324.
Fatigue design approach for the spot-welded T-type member using a simulated single spot-welded joint
In order to develop a fatigue design method for actual railroad car and commercial vehicle body structures using the fatigue
data of simulated single spot-welded lap joints, we first analyzed the stress distribution and evaluated fatigue strength
of spot-welded T-type members that are the components of actual railroad car and commercial vehicle body structures. Next,
fatigue design approach of these members using the fatigue data of single spot-welded lap joints was investigated. From our
results, we found that, even though there was a quantitative difference of fatigue strength between the single spot-welded
joint and the actual members over the same number of fatigue cycles, through the use of appropriate correction, the fatigue
design criterion of actual spot-welded members, such as those used in railroad car and commercial vehicle body, can be predicted
using the fatigue strength of single spot-welded joint. 相似文献
325.
J. A. Calvo V. Díaz J. L. San Román D. García-Pozuelo 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(4):467-472
In order to safely maintain a vehicle, it is necessary to verify the most important systems that affect safety during Periodic
Motor Vehicle Inspections (PMVIs). In a previous paper, a test method and validation criteria were suggested by the authors
to verify shock absorber status during PMVIs, as they are a fundamental component that may wear out during a vehicle’s life.
In this paper, variations of the performance of the vehicle’s brakes resulting from shock absorber wearing have been analyzed,
in order to confirm whether the suggested criteria is valid for taking into account longitudinal forces and pitch movement
on the vehicle. A simulation-based study was conducted with several configurations of a worn damper on a vehicle driving on
two virtual roads: smooth and undulating. The results confirmed that the damping coefficient established as an acceptable
value to verify the shock absorber status in PMVIs is also valid considering the forces involved in a braking maneuver. 相似文献
326.
327.
J. Y. Kim D. H. Jung C. H. Jeong H. J. Choi 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2014,15(6):961-966
The current test methods are insufficient to evaluate and ensure the safety and reliability of vehicle systems for all possible dynamic situations, including the worst case scenarios such as rollover, spin-out and so on. Although the known NHTSA Sine with Dwell steering maneuvers have been applied for the vehicle performance assessment, they are not enough to estimate other possible worst case scenarios. Therefore, it is crucial for us to verify the various worst case scenarios, including the existing severe steering maneuvers. This paper includes useful worst case scenarios based upon the existing worst case scenarios mentioned above and worst case evaluation for the vehicle dynamic controller in a simulation basis and UCC HILS. The only human steering angle was selected as a design parameter here and optimized to maximize the index function to be expressed in terms of both yaw rate and side slip angle. The obtained scenarios were enough to generate the worst case scenario to meet NHTSA worst case definition. It has been concluded that the new procedure in this paper is adequate to create other feasible worst case scenarios for a vehicle dynamic control system. 相似文献
328.
Y. X. Shi Y. X. Cai X. H. Li Y. Y. Chen D. W. Ding W. Tang 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2014,15(6):871-876
By using a self-designed non-thermal plasma (NTP) injection system, an experimental study of the regeneration of DPF was conducted at different temperatures, where oxygen as the gas source. The results revealed that PM can be decomposed to generate CO and CO2 by these active substances O3, O which was generated through the discharge reaction of NTP reactor. With the increasing of test temperature, the mass of C1 (C in CO) shows a overall downward trend while the mass of C2 (C in CO2) and C12 (C1 and C2) increase firstly and then decrease. When the test temperature is 80°C, the backpressure of DPF decreases fastest and the regenerative effect is remarkable. DPF can be regenerated by NTP technology without any catalyst at a lower temperature. Compared with the traditional regeneration method, the NTP technology has its superiority. 相似文献
329.
F. W. Yan P. Zhang C. Q. Du D. Guo 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2014,15(5):773-779
This paper is a continuation of a previous paper titled “A novel way to calculate energy efficiency for rechargeable batteries” published on Journal of Power Sources/2012 describing a new method to calculate energy efficiency for rechargeable batteries. The present paper further describes the application of energy efficiency model on the evaluation of fuel consumption and emission for the heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles (HD-HEVs). A more accurate calculation method of net energy change for power battery pack is proposed based on energy efficiency model of power battery pack. A more simplified and accurate correction method of fuel consumption and emission is also presented based on equivalent mileage. The fuel consumption and emission on chassis dynamometer are measured in the HD-HEVs. The experiment results show that relative errors of fuel consumption and emission between equivalent mileage correction results and linear regression correction results are less than 3%, which verifies accuracy and validates the proposed evaluation method for HD-HEVs fuel consumption and emission. 相似文献
330.
D. H. Lee S. K. Kim C. S. Kim K. S. Huh 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2014,15(2):341-346
An autonomous braking system is designed using the prediction of the stopping distance. The stopping distance needs to be determined by considering several factors such as the desired deceleration and the speed of the hydraulic brake actuator. In particular, the actuator speed is very critical because it affects the shape of the deceleration response and it determines the accuracy of the predicted stopping distance. The autonomous braking control algorithm is designed based on the predicted stopping distance. The proposed autonomous braking system has been validated in autonomous vehicle tests and demonstrates that the subject vehicle can avoid the collision effectively. 相似文献