汽车部件对污染的敏感性

污染敏感性分析是实现对整个机械系统污染控制的重要步骤。通过对污染的分析、测试、建模及模拟分析可有助于减少污染物或微小颗粒对机械系统造成的污染,避免因污染而导致的系统故障。对有关汽车机械系统污染的问题进行了分类讨论并进行了相关性分析,对测试及计算机建模方法进行了论述。给出了污染敏感性分析流程,最后通过几个典型实例阐明了污染敏感性分析的意义。     

电气化铁路传动技术100年的发展(一)

在直流电气化铁路上,一开始就较好地掌握了传动技术,但在交流电气化铁路上,几十年来传动技术要求供电电源的频率低于地方电网的频率.进一步发展传动技术时只有使用电力电子技术才可减小受电网支配的影响.今天用GTO和IGBT电力电子元件和微机控制技术,能在所有供电电网下使用交流传动技术.     

适应性之动态测重站控制策略(英文)

公路管理机构常用动态测重技术(WIM)来减少车辆滞留和执行超重车辆通行法.一般的做法是采用固定阈值(即合法重量极值)来初步过滤和分类车辆.如果某卡车的动态测重读数超过该阈值,该卡车会被指示去静态测重作进一步的检查,如:超重属实则可能开出处罚传票.适应性测重阈值法能充分利用动态测重技术并增强其操作效率.当在测重站等候的车辆很多时,阈值将增大,以避免测站阻塞,同时仍然可以逮住严重超重的违规车辆.当等候车辆少时,该阈值降低,以尽量多地检查车辆.主要阐述对适应性测重法的操作和设计的估算,并建立了一个高速路匝道出口动态测重站的微观模拟模型.然后,模拟和测试了动态阈值调节策略.结果表明,在广泛的条件下,适应性法总是优于传统的静态阈值操作法.在交通流量需求很大条件下,该算法抓住的超重卡车比静态操作的多44%以上,同时,其平均车辆滞留只为在静态操作情况下的30%.换句话说,所提出的适应性测重法更有效地控制了超重并满足了交通流量的要求.     

Partial range scaling method based washout algorithm for a vehicle driving simulator and its evaluation

Unlike an actual vehicle, a vehicle driving simulator (VDS) has limited kinematics, workspace, and bounded dynamic characteristics making it very difficult to simulate dynamic motions of an actual vehicle. To solve these problems, a washout algorithm was developed. The developed algorithm restricts the workspace of the VDS to within the kinematic limit and makes the person driving the VDS perceive movement of an actual vehicle. However, the classic washout algorithm contains several problems, such as time delay and the generation of a wrong motion signal caused by characteristics of the filters. So the driver feels “simulator sickness,” such as fatigue, nausea, headache and so on because of differences between the sense of movement of the VDS and that of a real vehicle. In this paper, a partial range scaling method based washout algorithm, including a tilt coordination system, is developed to enhance the perception of motion and reduce simulator sickness. It is verified by a simulation, a survey, and a bio signal analysis using an electrocardiogram (ECG).     

城市轨道交通换乘枢纽大客流换乘疏散研究

从换乘设备设施、换乘乘客特性和运营组织方案3个方面分析了对大客流换乘疏散的影响。最后,以某地铁换乘站为例,针对列车不同的到达时间间隔对换乘疏散的影响进行仿真研究,并对大客流换乘疏散组织提出建议。     

Investigation and analysis of high temperature corrosion and degradation of marine boiler combustion swirler

The present paper investigated and analyzed swirler material consisting of mild steel which was subjected to service for the period of one year in a 30 MW marine boiler. Due to the presence of high temperatures in the furnace coupled with the corrosive marine environment swirler material showed accelerated degradation and material wastage. An investigation into the feasibility of manufacturing the existing swirler with an alternate material or coating the swirler material with a thermal barrier coating was undertaken. Based on their properties and performance, SS 304 and SS 316 were proposed as the replacement materials for the swirler. The other alternative of coating the existing swirlers with a form thermal barrier coating to observe for any improvement in their performance at elevated temperatures was also tested. Stellite, which is a Ni-Co based coating, was carried out on the MS samples and the same were exposed to same temperatures mentioned above. The performance of the available options was evaluated with respect to the grain structure of the material, the hardness value of the materials and deterioration at elevated temperatures. Investigation showed the proposed materials/coatings like SS 304, SS 316 and Stellite coating revealed that SS 316 is the material best suited for high temperature application.     

Modeling the flow regime near the source in underwater gas releases

Recent progress in calculating gas bubble sizes in a plume, based on phenomenological approaches using the release conditions is a significant improvement to make the gas plume models self-reliant. Such calculations require details of conditions Near the Source of Plume (NSP); (i.e. the plume/jet velocity and radius near the source), which inspired the present work. Determining NSP conditions for gas plumes are far more complex than that for oil plumes due to the substantial density difference between gas and water. To calculate NSP conditions, modeling the early stage of the plume is important. A novel method of modeling the early stage of an underwater gas release is presented here. Major impact of the present work is to define the correct NSP conditions for underwater gas releases, which is not possible with available methods as those techniques are not based on the physics of flow region near the source of the plume/jet. We introduce super Gaussian profiles to model the density and velocity variations of the early stages of plume, coupled with the laws of fluid mechanics to define profile parameters. This new approach, models the velocity profile variation from near uniform, across the section at the release point to Gaussian some distance away. The comparisons show that experimental data agrees well with the computations.     

Modeling emulsification after an oil spill in the sea

A conceptual model for simulating oil emulsification after a spill in the ocean is presented. This paper contains the complete model formulation and scenario simulations. The model formulation is based on the most up-to-date research information available in the literature. The model uses minimum turbulence energy as a criterion to determine whether emulsification occurs. Once the emulsification happens, the model simulates water uptake and viscosity changes during emulsification. The model classifies emulsion into three categories: stable, meso-stable, and unstable emulsions based on a concept “stability index”. The model estimates the stability of the emulsion and simulates the process of de-emulsification when the emulsion is meso-stable or unstable. The model also considers the effects of evaporation on the formation of emulsification. Scenario simulations show how different types of emulsions are formed under different conditions. They also show how the emulsion stability changes with oil weathering.     

由多孔介质注射的微气泡和气层对减小自航驳船模型拖曳力效果的比较研究（英文）

Ship resistance issues are related to fuel economy, speed, and cost efficiency. Air lubrication is a promising technique for lowering hull frictional resistance as it is supposed to modify the energy in the turbulent boundary layer and thereby reduce hull friction. In this paper, the objective is to identify the optimum type of air lubrication using microbubble drag reduction(MBDR)and air layer drag reduction(ALDR) techniques to reduce the resistance of a 56-m Indonesian self-propelled barge(SPB). A model with the following dimensions was constructed: length L = 2000 mm, breadth B = 521.60 mm, and draft T = 52.50 mm.The ship model was towed using standard towing tank experimental parameters. The speed was varied over the Froude number range 0.11–0.31. The air layer flow rate was varied at 80, 85, and 90 standard liters per minute(SLPM) and the microbubble injection coefficient over the range 0.20–0.60. The results show that the ship model using the air layer had the highest drag reduction up to a maximum of 90%. Based on the characteristics of the SPB, which operates at low speed, the optimum air lubrication type to reduce resistance in this instance is ALDR.