Mixed‐mode travel demand forecasting techniques

From an extensive review of literature covering 34 cases where mixed‐mode policies had been used, ranging from strategic area wide to local studies, it was concluded that none of the techniques adopted had adequately dealt with the particular problem of mixed modes.

Two philosophies were identified, a market research approach and formal simulation modelling. The latter ranged from coarse zonal diversion curve models, to individual based multi modal split models. The limited information given in the reports prevented making practical comparisons between the models.

Monte‐Carlo simulation was used in order to look in more depth at the multi‐modal choice model structures encountered in the review. It was found that the multi‐nomial logit, which is the most commonly used model, was quite robust but performed badly when modal costs were highly correlated, a case which may occur far too often.     

Prediction of the maneuverability of a large container ship with twin propellers and twin rudders

The maneuvering characteristics of a large container ship with twin propellers and twin rudders were investigated using the horizontal planar motion mechanism (HPMM) test and computer simulation. A mathematical model for maneuvering motion with four degrees of freedom (DOF) for twin-propeller and twin-rudder systems was developed and included the effects of roll motion. To obtain the roll-coupling hydrodynamic coefficients of a container ship, a four-DOF HPMM system having a roll motion mechanism and a roll moment measurement system was used. At the full load condition, HPMM tests were carried out for two different 12 000-TEU container ship models, one with twin propellers and the other with a single propeller. Using the hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from the tests, computer simulations were carried out. Simulation results for the container ship with twin propellers and twin rudders were compared with the results for the container ship with a single propeller and single rudder.     

Marine engineers’ training: Educational assessment for an engine room simulator

Qualitative upgrading of the educational process at university level marine education depends largely on the instructive value of the trainers’ educational software. Marine education software has developed out of a certain initial implementation in an equivalent manner to which the programs of practice and training have been applied in cases of simulations and programming environments. In most cases, educational software categories have developed without taking into consideration any special pedagogical theory.     

Driving situations and driver decisions at road traffic signals

Driver performance in responding to the green-amber-red signal change was studied based on a sample of 2316 last crossing and first stopping vehicles collected by unobtrusive observations at 10 junction approaches in Singapore. Two schemes, a speed-distance diagram (S-D) and an acceleration-deceleration (A-D) diagram, were used to demarcate the driving situations; the driver actions, as revealed outcomes of driver decision-making, were mapped onto these diagrams. The speed-distance diagram can give some indication on what a driver would possibly do. The more complicated acceleration-deceleration diagram is useful for diagnosing the appropriateness of the driver actions. An application of the A-D diagram was demonstrated, and several situations prone to red-running were noted.     

An Internal State Variable Model for the Low Temperature Tempering of Low Alloy Steels

QuanitativelyaccuratePredictionsofquenchinduceddistOnionandresidualstressrelyontheabilitytopredictthemicrosthectUralevolUtionthroughOutthequenchProcess.InlowaIloysteels,cUrrenresearchMshavefOcusedontheformationldneticsoffetrite,pearlite,bainiteandmartensite.However,temPeringcanhavealargeinfluenceondistOnionandresidualstrCss,andeffortstoaccountforthislagbehindthemodelingofthePrimnyphasetransihons.AsafirststeptowardsaccountingfortemPerillg,wehavedevelOpedanintemalstatevariablemodelthatuses…     

Application of a thermodynamic model with a complex chemistry to a cycle resolved knock prediction on a spark ignition optical engine

A combination of experimental and numerical methodologies is proposed for the investigation of knocking in spark ignition engines to aid in better understanding the physical and chemical processes that occur and to exploit the capabilities of a developed computational tool. The latter consists of a thermo-fluid dynamics model, which is part of an advanced 1-D fluid dynamics code for the simulation of the entire engine, and a complex chemistry model, which can be embedded into the thermo-fluid dynamics model using the same integration algorithm for the conservation equations and the reacting species. Their mutual interaction in the energy balance will be considered. The experimental activity was carried out in the combustion chamber of an optically accessible, single-cylinder P.F.I. engine equipped with a commercial head. The experimental data consisted of optical measurements correlated to the combustion and auto-ignition processes within the cylinder. The optical measurements were based on 2-D digital imaging, UV visible natural emission spectroscopy and the chemiluminescence of radical species (OH and HCO). The engine parameters, the pressure signals of the related data and optical acquisition are compared on an individual cycle basis in the simulation by running the engine at a constant speed and varying the spark advance from normal combustion to heavy knock conditions.     

Comparison of Dynamic Models of Mr Damper for Hardware in the Loop Simulation of Large-Sized Buses

The present study has focused on the comparison of MR damper dynamic models for the purpose of hardware in the loop simulation. A vehicle dynamic model for large-sized bus and a control logic for MR damper was built. Two typical MR damper models, viz. Bouc-Wen and hyperbolic tangent model have been considered in this study and the advantages and disadvantages of each model on the aspect of HILS system is discussed. We discussed the limitations of each model based on the analysis of the vehicle dynamic simulation. The results showed that the existing models are not suitable for HILS system. We proposed the modified hyperbolic tangent model by adopting low-pass filters. The results from the simulation showed the advantages of the modified model which were validated through HILS system.     

Overseas Investment:The Resources Needs To Lead The Financial And Manufacturing Industries

American subprime crisis has evolved into a global financial crisis, dragging the entire economy, hitting the fictitious economy the most.Under such a situation,the world's investment environment changes inevitably as a result. In talking about the influence of the financial crisis upon China,the most immediate consequence     

The voluntary IMO Member State Audit Scheme: An accountability regime for states on maritime affairs

In this article, the issue of monitoring compliance of State obligations and responsibilities that are derived from them being parties to the various international maritime treaties adopted under the purview of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) will be explored. The genesis of why monitoring compliance of State actors is now topical and the development of the Voluntary IMO Member State Audit Scheme in response thereto will be highlighted. The positive outcome of the audits conducted under the voluntary Scheme and the level of participation of Member States in the Scheme have now brought to the fore the need to consider developing a mandatory audit regime applicable to all Member States of the IMO. In this respect, this article will proffer a possible way forward for the further development of the Audit Scheme.