Relationship between occupant injury and the perturbation mark on the velocity indicator on a cluster panel

A perturbation mark is occasionally produced on the velocity indicator of the cluster panel of a vehicle during a vehicle collision. This mark can be used to estimate the velocity of the vehicle at the moment of the vehicle’s impact. In this study, the effect of the impact velocity and the deceleration of the vehicle on the perturbation mark were investigated, and an analysis of the driver’s injury was also conducted through a numerical pulse representation and computer simulations. Sled and pendulum tests were used to replicate the conditions that produce a perturbation mark on the velocity indicator of a cluster panel. It was verified that a higher peak acceleration is more likely than the impact velocity to cause a perturbation mark. According to the computer simulation results, a driver’s injury could be more severe at higher peak accelerations with a constant impact velocity. If a perturbation mark, which can be used to estimate the impact velocity, is found while investigating a vehicle accident, this mark reveals that the acceleration was higher than that listed in the related crash report. Therefore, the injuries of the occupants could be more serious than those expected at the reported impact velocity.     

隧道开挖支撑收敛约束法之外显分析

收敛约束法理论为隧道支撑设计之简化分析方法。使用隧道收敛计测资料,借以建立隧道掘进效应函数,并依据地盘与支撑系统之组成律模式,推导在静水应力状态下圆形隧道开挖支撑互制行为之解析解。采用约束损失之递增方法,利用简易试算表工具,提出模拟隧道开挖支撑非线性行为之外显分析。经由外显分析与有限元素分析之比较结果显示,相关收敛约束曲线均呈现一致的趋势。外显分析法提供了模拟隧道开挖支撑互制行为之简易且直接的计算分析方法,收敛约束法理论为隧道支撑设计之简化分析方法。使用隧道收敛计测资料,借以建立隧道掘进效应函数,并依据地盘与支撑系统之组成律模式,推导在静水应力状态下圆形隧道开挖支撑互制行为之解析解。采用约束损失之递增方法,利用简易试算表工具,提出模拟隧道开挖支撑非线性行为之外显分析。经由外显分析与有限元素分析之比较结果显示,相关收敛约束曲线均呈现一致的趋势。外显分析法提供了模拟隧道开挖支撑互制行为之简易且直接的计算分析方法。     

先进道旁车辆状态监视系统的开发和应用

在过去的5年里，北美铁路协会（AAR）的分支机构运输技术中心公司（TTCI），一直在开发改进道旁状态监视系统。尤其是开发转向架曲线通过性能和车轴滚动轴承缺陷的监测系统。目前，这2种检测系统正在进行应用测试。     

法国南特第一列Incentro轻轨列车

简要介绍了法国南特轻轨车辆的设计思路、结构特点和模块化设计。     

Achieving an ASEAN single shipping market: shipping and logistics firms’ perspective

ABSTRACT

To establish an Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Single Shipping Market (ASSM) is an important part of ASEAN governments’ overall plan to achieve an ASEAN Economic Community by 2015. It is expected that a single shipping market will improve the region’s logistics performance and international competitiveness. To achieve this vision, however, the ASEAN countries need to remove any remaining barriers to logistics performance. In this light, the objective of this paper is to identify these barriers and assess their effects on the logistics performance of shipping and logistics firms based in ASEAN countries. Using a questionnaire-based survey, the study revealed several barriers affecting their logistics performance with varying significance among these countries. Unless these barriers from the perspective of the industry are removed, the ability of the shipping and logistics industry to benefit from a liberalized market would be limited. These perceived barriers are examined in detail and strategies to address them are proposed. The ASEAN experience is applicable to similar countries in the process of integrating their international shipping sector as well as contributes to the understanding of the different barriers and how these barriers can affect the logistics performance of shipping and logistics companies.     

The modelling of dry bulk and tanker markets: a survey

This paper provides an overview of the development of the quantitative modelling techniques that have been applied to the analysis of dry bulk shipping markets. Of necessity it will be dated by the time it is published. The principal points that emerge from the survey are fourfold: first:-reduced form rather than structural modelling, has become the standard approach in the past 15 years. Second, there is a greater focus on modelling rate variability rather than rate levels, using models that estimate the behaviour of both the conditional mean freight rate and its conditional variance. Third, the introduction of models of financial derivatives and their application to shipping markets has been very marked, as finance models of risk management have been adapted to shipping markets. Fourth, the use of segmented models of different ship types, and higher frequency data is now standard. It is argued that the relative neglect of structural models means that estimating fully specified structural econometric models may be a fruitful research agenda for the future.     

Transporting Singapore—The Air‐Conditioned Nation

Abstract

The role of a metaphor of centrally controlled air conditioning in governing Singaporean transport planning is examined, and its consequences evaluated. A modern transportation system has been put in place to link a hierarchy of central places. Tight government control has made change possible. A reliance on technical expertise at the expense of public involvement has, however, failed to develop public transport to effectively serve a range of dispersed‐destination travel needs. Regulatory approaches, furthermore, have discouraged service innovation. Policies making car purchase expensive have restricted car ownership. Effective change would be facilitated by involving a highly educated public more in decision‐making.     

Managing community acceptance of major industrial projects

Abstract

In some cases, the major risk encountered by an industry seeking to site a facility is that of community acceptance. Without community acceptance of a proposed project, construction can be delayed, taxes can be prohibitive, and operations can be prevented through the opposition and influence of local groups. This paper describes the community acceptance risk, the traditional industrial approach to countering local opposition, and a positive approach to achieving community acceptance. This positive approach entails careful site selection; affirmative management of the community acceptance problem, including explicit planning of the community acceptance effort, assignment of staff with specific responsibilities to implement plans, and a budget for mitigating the impacts of the project on the community; acquisition of sufficient land to buffer unavoidable impacts of the project; a carefully formed corporate policy on the public release of information concerning the project; and constructive participation in state and local government policy development.     

A decision support system for port selection

Abstract

A number of studies have been carried out on the factors determining port choice, derived from the perspectives of shippers, carriers or both. Recently, some studies using multi-criteria analysis, more specifically Saaty's analytical hierarchy process (AHP), have been undertaken to address port competitiveness and port selection by shipping lines. Based on a review of the literature on port selection, this article proposes a decision support system (DSS) for port selection using AHP methodology. The proposed DSS is web-based and thus it can be accessed by more decision makers and data collection can be carried out faster. Moreover, AHP addresses the issue of how to structure a complex decision problem, identify its criteria, measure the interaction among them and finally synthesise all the information to arrive at priorities, which depict preferences. AHP is able to assist port managers in obtaining a detailed understanding of the criteria and address the port selection problem utilising multi-criteria analysis. This article presents the architecture and the port selection procedure of the web-based DSS, and then illustrates three different cases. It shows how technology advancement can bring positive effects of strategic planning to shipping firms.     

Book reviews

EAST EUROPEAN TRANSPORT: REGIONS AND MODES, edited by B. Mieczkowski. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff. (F85.00)

CONFLICT IN TRANSPORTATION, by H. M. Steiner, Lexington Mass: D. C. Heath and Lexington Books, 1978. 124 pp.