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81.
Identification of optimal sites for the isolation of waste on the abyssal seafloor was performed with two approaches: by the traditional method of map overlays of relevant attributes, and by a specially developed, automated Site-Selection Model (SSM). Five initial, Surrogate Sites, identified with the map-overlay approach, were then compared with the more rigorously produced scores from the SSM. The SSM, a process for optimization of site locations, accepts subjective, expert-based judgments and transforms them into a quantitative, reproducible, and documented product. The SSM is adaptable to any siting scenario. Forty-one factors relevant to the isolation scenario, including 21 weightable factors having a total of 123 scorable categories, have been entered into the SSM. Factors are grouped under project definition, unique environments, anthropogenic, geologic, biologic, weather, oceanographic and distance criteria. The factor scores are linked to a georeferenced database array of all factors, corresponding to 1°×1° latitude–longitude squares. The SSM includes a total of 2241 one-degree squares within 1000 n.m. of the U.S. coasts, including the western North Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the eastern North Pacific. Under a carefully weighted and scored scenario of isolation, the most favorable sites identified with the SSM are on the Hatteras and Nares Abyssal Plains in the Atlantic. High-scoring sites are also located in the Pacific abyssal hills province between the Murray and Molokai Fracture Zones. Acceptable 1° squares in the Gulf of Mexico are few and of lower quality, with the optimum location on the northern Sigsbee Abyssal Plain. Two of the five Surrogate Site locations, on the Hatteras and Sigsbee Abyssal Plains, correspond to the best SSM sites in each ocean area. Two Pacific and a second Atlantic Surrogate Site are located in low-scoring regions or excluded by the SSM. Site-selection results from the SSM, although robust, are an initial attempt to quantify the site-selection process. The SSM database exposes a significant lack of high-quality information for many areally mappable attributes on the abyssal seafloor, particularly bottom-current speed and measures of biologic productivity and flux. Terminologies and classifications of some measures, such as sediment types, suffer from parochialism and vary by ocean. Considerable research is needed even for a broad understanding of the environmental measures required to make sound societal decisions about use of the abyssal seafloor for disposal or other purposes. 相似文献
82.
83.
S. Lee 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(4):429-436
This paper addresses the application of the perturbation/correlation method to optimizing the torque output of internal combustion
engines. This application was inspired by observations of the limitations in current techniques of the automotive performance
tuning industry. Performance issues such as errors from true optimum spark timing and fuel injector pulse width values as
well as convergence were considered for optimal tuning. The ability of the system to deal with engine cycle-to-cycle variations
and their effect on input parameters is also analyzed. 相似文献
84.
Tudor D. Bodea Laurie A. Garrow Michael D. Meyer Catherine L. Ross 《Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice》2009,43(4):430-444
This paper explores the association of socio-demographic and built environment characteristics on the odds of being overweight and obese using data from the Atlanta SMARTRAQ travel survey. A new methodological framework based on a multinomial logit (MNL) model and an enhanced odds ratio plot is presented. The use of an MNL model overcomes limitations of many prior studies that employ a sequence of binary logit models to examine multiple weight categories. The use of an enhanced odds ratio plot provides important information into the relative importance of socio-demographic and built environment characteristics. Several new findings for the Atlanta area result from this study. Socio-demographic variables, including age and educational attainment, exhibit a non-linear relationship with the odds of being overweight or obese. Gender, age, ethnicity, and educational attainment are strongly associated with the odds of being overweight or obese, while income and number of students between 5 and 16 years old in the household have smaller effects. Built environment characteristics such as increased net residential densities and enhanced street connectivity are associated with reductions in the odds of being overweight and/or obese. Relative to socio-demographic variables, however, such built environment characteristics have a much smaller impact on describing the odds of being overweight or obese. 相似文献
85.
C. -H. Lee 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(3):317-322
High speed and sport utility vehicles with large joint articulation angle demand lower friction in automotive driveshaft joints
to meet noise and vibration comfort levels. Thus a more thorough understanding of internal friction characteristics and mechanisms
is required. In this paper, a friction model in automotive driveshaft joints was developed through the use of test data from
an instrumented Constant Velocity (CV) joint friction apparatus with actual driveshaft assemblies. Experiments were conducted
under different realistic operating conditions of oscillatory speeds, CV joint articulation angles, lubrication, and torque.
The experimental data was used to develop a physics-based semi-empirical CV joint internal friction model as a function of
different CV joint operating parameters. It was found that the proposed friction model captures the experimental results well.
Also the friction model estimates the generated axial force (GAF) in tripod CV joints well, which is the main source of force
that causes vehicle vibration problems. 相似文献
86.
J. H. Yoon B. J. Choi I. H. Yang J. E. Oh 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(1):59-66
T-Hypoid gears are commonly used in rear-drive and 4WD (4 Wheel Drive) vehicle axles. Investigating their sensitivity to deflections
is one of the most important aspects of their design and optimization procedures. Therefore, a deflection test was performed
in this study in the actual gear mounting using completely processed gear. This test covered the full operating range of gear
loads from “no load” to “peak load”. Under peak load, the contact pattern extended to the tooth boundaries without showing
a concentration of the contact pattern at any point on the tooth surface. The transmission error was tested under an axle
assembly triaxial-real-car-load condition. 相似文献
87.
T. Y. Shin S. Y. Kim J. Y. Choi K. S. Yoon M. H. Lee 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(1):103-110
This paper presents a modified lateral control method for an autonomous vehicle with both look-ahead and look-down sensing
systems. To cope with sensor noise and modeling uncertainty in the lateral control of the vehicle, a modified LMI-based H
lateral controller was proposed, which uses the look-ahead information of the lateral offset error measured at the front of
vehicle and the look-down information of the vehicle yaw angle error between the reference lane and the centerline of the
vehicle. To verify the safety and the performance of the lateral control, a scaled-down vehicle was developed, and the positioning
of the vehicle was estimated with USAT. The proposed controller, which uses both look-ahead and look-down information, was
tested for lane changing and reference lane tracking with both simulation and experiment. The simulation and experimental
results show that the proposed controller has better tracking and handling performance compared with a controller that uses
only the look-ahead information of the target heading angle error. 相似文献
88.
License plate extraction method for identification of vehicle violations at a railway level crossing
B. K. Cho S. H. Ryu D. R. Shin J. I. Jung 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(2):281-289
The primary cause of most railroad accidents is vehicle entry into railway level crossings despite warning messages. To identify
drivers who violate railway level crossing regulations, vehicle license plate recognition can be applied at railway level
crossings. The purpose of this paper is to present an effective method for extracting the license plate region from vehicle
images taken at railway level crossings. The method proposed in this paper uses the variation in the gray-level values across
the image of a license plate. For license plate region extraction, the character region is first recognized by identifying
the character width and the difference between the background region and the character region. The license plate region is
then extracted by finding the inter-character distance in the plate region. In addition, the license plate type is identified
by the difference in the gray-level value between the background region and the character region. The proposed method is effective
in solving the current challenges in extracting the license plate region from the damaged frames of license plates issued
for domestic use, including new types of license plates. According to the experimental results, the proposed method yields
a high extraction rate of 99.5% for vehicle license plates. 相似文献
89.
K. Jang I. Park J. Han K. Lee M. Sunwoo 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(4):589-597
Because the FlexRay protocol has more than 70 configuration parameters and these parameters correlate with each other, designing
a FlexRay network is a complex and difficult task. In this study, we propose a design framework that optimizes the two main
FlexRay network parameters that are highly relevant to the application algorithm. The design process is composed of two steps
for optimizing parameters. In the first step, the static slot length is optimized using a frame-packing algorithm. This algorithm
binds network signals into static frames based on their periods and signal groups. In the second step, the communication cycle
length is optimally designed with frame-scheduling algorithm and worst-case reponse time analysis. Based on the frame-scheduling
algorithm, the response times are analyzed. The proposed design framework was applied to a unified chassis control system
as a case study, and the analytical results were verified. 相似文献
90.