Nanoparticle emission characteristics and reduction strategies by boost pressure control and injection strategies in a passenger diesel engine

This research attempted to analyze nanoparticles and other harmful exhaust emissions in accordance with injection strategies and air-fuel ratio (AFR) changes for small diesel engines. The emission characteristics were analyzed in the medium-speed condition, which is the main driving range of a diesel engine. In the case of particulate matter (PM), the number of particles was measured, analyzed, and compared to identify the correlation and emission characteristics of nanoparticles by using a dilution device and condensation particle counter (CPC), which are international standards for particle measurement recommended by the Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP). The engine torque tended to be reduced as pilot injections were added, and the torque was increased by the increased boost pressure, but reduced by the exhaust pressure increase in a part of the low-load range. The number of nanoparticles was not influenced greatly by the change in AFR, but the reduction effect on the PM weight was great depending on the boost pressure increase. In addition, the number of nanoparticles tended to increase as the fuel injection timing became closer to TDC in all conditions, and its difference became larger with an increase in AFR. In addition, in the case of the pilot injection, nanoparticle emission showed similar characteristics depending on the main injection timing, but it was increased by advanced injection timing when performing the main injection only, and the number of the nanoparticles increased as pilot injections were added. Last, the optimal conditions for EMS calibration were analyzed by selecting the conditions of torque reduction and NOx increase within 5 % from all of the engine operating conditions; optimized conditions are presented.     

某深基坑开挖数值模拟与实测对比分析

通过FLAC3D对现场工况进行了开挖模拟,与实测结果进行了对比分析。围护结构型式采用单排桩+锚索和双排桩,开挖到坑底时,计算的桩身水平位移最大值分别为8.73 mm和10.19 mm,实测值分别为10.57 mm和12.05 mm,实测值稍大于计算值,桩身整体侧向变形规律一致。围护结构型式采用单排桩+锚索,不同开挖阶段坑外地表沉降的计算值与实测值对比,整体沉降均随着开挖深度增加而增大;沿基坑方向的分布规律也大致相同,都是呈凹槽型分布,最大沉降值出现在距桩后3~4 m范围内。     

2型糖尿病患者一级亲属正常糖代谢人群胰岛素抵抗分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖耐量正常的一级亲属胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗情况,并分析胰岛素抵抗的相关因素。方法选取T2DM患者糖耐量正常的一级亲属63例,根据胰岛素抵抗指数分为胰岛素抵抗组及非抵抗组;选取30例健康体检者作为正常对照组。对所选的93例对象进行血压、血糖、胰岛素、血脂的测定,并计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)。结果①糖尿病患者一级亲属组与对照组相比,胰岛素水平、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β明显升高(P<0.05);②胰岛素抵抗组体质指数、舒张压、甘油三酯、餐后血糖、HOMA-β明显高于胰岛素非抵抗组(P<0.05);③相关分析示胰岛素抵抗与体质指数、舒张压、甘油三酯、餐后胰岛素呈正相关(P<0.01,P<0.05),与空腹血糖、餐后血糖、空腹胰岛素、收缩压、胆固醇无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论T2DM患者一级亲属存在胰岛β细胞代偿性的高分泌,早期已经出现胰岛素敏感性的下降和胰岛素抵抗。胰岛素抵抗与体重增加、舒张压升高及甘油三酯的升高有关。提示对糖尿病患者一级亲属应严格控制体重、血压及血脂,对减少T2DM具有积极意义。     

兔眼环孢霉素A缓释微球的眼内释药性研究

目的建立兔眼房水中环孢霉素A缓释微球的高效液相测定方法,考察在不同给药剂量下兔眼房水中的药物代谢特性,为该药预防后发性白内障提供理论依据。方法兔眼行晶体囊外摘除,左眼前房及囊袋内注射环孢素微球,右眼给予空白微球作对照,采用高效液相色谱法监测给药后4周内兔眼房水中环孢霉素A的浓度。色谱柱为反相C18硅胶柱,柱温为60℃,流动相为乙腈-水(67∶33),检测波长210nm。结果兔眼房水中环孢霉素A的浓度在0.13-1.25mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9951),最低检测浓度0.13mg/L,回收率95.91%,日间和日内精密度均小于5.0%。缓释微球的释药速率适中,兔眼前房给药后可在2周内维持较高浓度,高低两种给药剂量下,环孢霉素A的吸收半衰期(t1/2Ka)和血浆清除速率(CL)经检验无统计学差异,药时曲线下面积(AUC)和峰浓度(Cmax)与剂量之间线性相关。结论环孢素A缓释微球在兔眼内有较高的生物利用度,实验期内可达到抑制后发性白内障的有效浓度。     

基于 EM D桘BPN 方法的高速铁路短期客流预测

高速铁路短期客流预测是铁路运输系统的重要组成部分。无论是对列车开行方案的制定,还是对如何采取正确的营销策略,都具有重大的现实意义。通过混合经验模态分解方法和神经网络方法相结合的EMD-BPN方法来预测高速铁路短期客流量。组合方法主要分为三步：首先,使用经验模态分解方法将客流时间序列分解;其次,将IM Fs作为BP神经网络的输入;最后,应用神经网络对客流量做出预测。数值实例表明,该方法对于高速铁路短期客流预测在精度和稳定性上都有良好的表现。     

高速公路直线路段突起路标间隔设置方法

基于驾驶人的视觉惰性、视觉警示频率和感觉特性,分析了突起路标的视觉警示作用,确定了突起路标的闪现频率,计算与修正了突起路标的初始间隔。应用ADAMS/Car仿真软件模块,建立了道路、车辆和突起路标模型,将车型设置为大型车和小型车,大型车的车速设置为60、80、100km·h-1,小型车的车速设置为80、100、120km·h-1,大型车和小型车的方向盘转角均设置为1°、3°、5°。分别对提出的12m间隔与现行规范推荐的15m间隔各进行243次仿真,分析振动警示效果。仿真结果表明:在12m间隔下,平均碾压率为93.1%,小型车和大型车对应的平均警示率分别为41.7%和5.6%;在15m间隔下,平均碾压率为93.7%,小型车和大型车对应的平均警示率分别为33.3%和28.9%;12、15m间隔对小型车都具有较好的振动警示效果,15m间隔对大型车的振动警示效果更好。当高速公路夜间交通流较大或需要加大交通设施的夜间安全效果时,可选12m间隔提供良好的视觉连续性和视觉警示效果;考虑施工维护的方便性和经济性或者大型车比例较大时,可选择15m间隔。     

轴流式涡轮机动叶片的叶顶间隙对其气动性能影响

采用数值方法对不同叶顶间隙下某型号船用轴流式涡轮机的气动性能进行了对比分析.结果表明,叶顶间隙对喷嘴环前缘的压力分布和涡轮内的温度分布影响明显,过小和过大的叶顶间隙都会导致喷嘴环前缘高压力区的产生,并导致涡轮内局部高温度区域扩大;随着叶顶间隙的增大,喷嘴环后缘底部、吸力面及叶顶间隙内局部高熵区随之增大,燃气能量损失增大.     

EA4T车轴钢的超声冲击表面强化

利用超声冲击设备对EA4T车轴钢进行了表面强化处理.采利用金相显微镜和透射电镜表征了车轴钢表面结构的变化,并对超声冲击处理前后试样表面粗糙度和显微硬度进行了分析.结果表明:经超声冲击处理后,试样表面发生了剧烈的塑性变形,晶粒明显细化,显微硬度呈梯度化.随着超声冲击功率的增加,变形层厚度增加,粗糙度减小,表面硬度增大;与未经超声冲击处理的试样相比,在超声冲击功率180瓦作用下,表面粗糙度降低了6.5倍,试样的表面硬度提高了25%,变形层厚度大约为80μm.     

水下机器人动力定位模糊逻辑控制的虚拟现实仿真（英文）

In this paper, graphical-user-interface(GUI) software for simulation and fuzzy-logic control of a remotely operated vehicle(ROV) using MATLAB TM GUI Designing Environment is proposed. The proposed ROV’s GUI platform allows the controller such as fuzzy-logic control systems design to be compared with other controllers such as proportional-integral-derivative(PID) and sliding-mode controller(SMC) systematically and interactively. External disturbance such as sea current can be added to improve the modelling in actual underwater environment. The simulated results showed the position responses of the fuzzy-logic control exhibit reasonable performance under the sea current disturbance.     

带落角约束的变结构三维末制导律设计

分析导弹与目标水面舰艇之间三维空间的相对运动特性,并在此基础上进行带落角约束的变结构制导律设计。该制导律设计中,针对一次设计时切换面导数形式过于复杂的情况,作出变换进行二次设计,极大地简化模型;另外,由于目标信息难以获取,故将其视为扰动;最后通过数值仿真验证了所设计制导律的可行性和有效性,具有一定的工程应用价值。