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151.
In response to increasing demand, airlines may increase capacity by increasing the frequency of flights or they may choose to increase aircraft size. This may yield operating cost economies. If the airports they operate from are capacity constrained, they will be limited in the extent that they can change frequency which will limit their ability to compete with the number of frequencies offered. This article focuses on this trade-off and pays particular attention to the practices of a specific airline. Conclusions are offered on the impact of inter alia competition, changes in aircraft technology, 9/11 and the impact of slot constraints. It appears that changes in size are more important than frequency, which is consistent with the presence of slot constraints and there is a significant impact of competition. As the concentration of carriers increases, so aircraft size falls. 9/11 also has a significant impact on traffic whereas the introduction of the Boeing 777, as an illustration of a change in technology, does not. 相似文献
152.
Yaser E. Hawas 《运输规划与技术》2013,36(2-3):289-309
Abstract This paper reviews the main modules of an integrated system for incident management in real-time, -sim. A core to such a system is a microscopic simulator with extended abilities to model the temporal and spatial evolution of specified non-recurrent traffic conditions. The paper reviews the mathematical formulation of the car-following and lane-changing modules. The model is validated using a simulation-based approach. Concluding comments on the general validation process of the model are provided. The paper finally presents a sample of the accident patterns replicated by the model together with their implications for real world validation. 相似文献
153.
Valuation of externalities is a condition for correct investment and pricing decisions in transport. This paper provides a brief survey of the main studies achieved in OECD countries in order to get these valuations. Numerical values for the average social cost of transport are presented. The procedures according to which environment is taken into account in France and Italy are analyzed, and the importance of valuation in these procedures is assessed. Finally, prospects for further research and new developments are expressed. 相似文献
154.
Engine mounts are used for engine vibration isolation. The dynamic performance of the mount depends on the orientation. Measurements of the dynamic properties of engine mounts are usually performed in the axial direction because of the problem related to actuator loading direction and set up costs. Impact technique is developed here to measure the dynamic driving point stiffness and driving point shear stiffness of engine mount in a single setup. The compressive and shear frequency-dependent stiffnesses are obtained in the vertical orientation. A transformation matrix is used to calculate the frequency-dependent stiffnesses and loss factors in other orientations. Three different designs of engine mounts are used to verify the accuracy of the transformation model. The correlation coefficient between calculation and measurement results show R2≥ 0.995 along the X- and Y-axes. For the Z-axis, mounts B and C showed R2≥ 0.95 and mount A 0.687 ≤ R2≤ 0.791. 相似文献
155.
A. Gauchía E. Olmeda M. J. L. Boada B. L. Boada V. Díaz 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2014,15(3):451-461
Engineering bus design requires testing of bus structures prototypes in order to guarantee a certain level of strength and an appropriate static and dynamic behavior of the bus superstructure when exposed to road loads. However, experimental testing of real bus structures is very expensive as it requires expensive resources and space. If testing is done on a scale bus model the previous required expenses are considerably reduced. Therefore, a novel methodology based on dimensional analysis applied to bus structure prediction to evaluate the bus structure static and dynamic performance is proposed. The static performance is evaluated attending to torsion stiffness and the dynamic in terms of the natural vibration frequencies and rollover threshold. A scale bus has been manufactured and dimensionless parameters have been defined in order to project the results obtained in the scale bus model to a larger model. Validation of the proposed methodology has been carried out under experimental and finite element analysis. 相似文献
156.
157.
为了提高山区公路抗水灾能力,在实地调查、研究基础之上,详细阐明了山区公路水灾害评价中危险性、易损性、损失、风险、减灾效益等基本概念。提出了山区公路水灾害评价系统应由危险性评价、易损性评价、风险评价及减灾效益评价4部分构成,而对于路网水灾害评价应由点、线、面构成,首次建立了完整的三维评价体系。指出对已有公路的防排水与抗水毁能力的工程评价,是水毁防治工程投资决策的重要依据,应作为重点进行研究。对于路网水灾害评价,应侧重于点(点单元)评价,适当考虑线评价。最后,从致灾因子、承灾体、灾情及防灾减灾4个方面构建了公路水灾害评价基本模型。 相似文献
158.
Fuel economy comparison of conventional drive trains series and parallel hybrid electric step vans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. B. Han Y. H. Chang Y. J. Chung E. Y. Lee B. Suh A. Frank 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2009,10(2):235-240
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a vehicle that combines a conventional propulsion system with an on-board rechargeable
energy storage system to achieve better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle HEVs do not have limited ranges like battery
electric vehicles, which use batteries charged by an external source. The different propulsion power systems may have common
subsystems or components. The objective of this study is to compare the fuel economies of a conventional step van, a series
hybrid electric step van (HESV), and a parallel HESV by calculating the fuel consumption using the ADVISOR software by NREL.
We also showed the results of the vehicles in different driving cycles including the Central Business District bus cycles,
the New York City Cycle, and the US EPA City and Highway cycles. 相似文献
159.
160.
主动和被动的冻土地温控制方法和技术 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
研究目的:主动和被动地温控制是冻土地温控制的基本方法。但如何对主动和被动的概念进行准确区分,目前在国内外却有所混淆,因此对主动和被动地温控制技术提出明确的划分显得尤为重要。研究结论:国际上普遍从能量的观点来区分——被动地温是在运行期问不需人为提供动力,也没有任何不停运动的机械部件,是冻土地温控制最常用的技术;而主动地温控制方法,需要动力支持或温控系统中有持续运动的部件,其显著的特点在于对冻结过程的人为可控制性和提供能量消耗。冻土地温控制的计算,有许多长期以来的研究公式及图表,但更为精确的计算,要利用一些成熟的模型进行模拟。 相似文献