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781.
Charles C. Macadam Associate Research Scientist Gregory E. Johnson Engineer in Research 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1996,25(1):3-30
This paper demonstrates the use of elementary neural networks for modelling and representing driver steering behaviour in path regulation control tasks. Areas of application include uses by vehicle simulation experts who need to model and represent specific instances of driver steering control behaviour, potential on-board vehicle technologies aimed at representing and tracking driver steering control behaviour over time, and use by human factors specialists interested in representing or classifying specific families of driver steering behaviour. Example applications are shown for data obtained from a driver/vehicle numerical simulation, a basic driving simulator, and an experimental on-road test vehicle equipped with a camera and sensor processing system. 相似文献
782.
J.J. McPhee R.J. Anderson 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1996,25(5):349-367
The set of differential equations governing the motion of an unrestrained coned wheelset travelling on a tangent section of track and acted upon by creep forces arising from the contact between wheel and rail are, in the terminology of numerical analysis, extremely \"stiff\". This stiffness can be attributed to the existence of two negative real eigenvalues in the solution of the eigenproblem associated with the linearized equations of motion. Compared with the two complex conjugate eigenvalues that complete this solution, the real eigenvalues have large magnitudes and necessitate that relatively. small timesteps be used in order to obtain an accurate numerical integration of the full set of equations of motion. However, by truncating the set of left and right eigenvectors to eliminate these real eigenvalues in a modal analysis of the wheelset, it was found that their contribution to the overall dynamic response is negligible. This same modal truncation approach was then applied to the sub-structured equations of motion for a simple rail vehicle system consisting of two wheelsets connected to a main body by linear springs and dampers. Essentially, the physical degrees of freedom for each wheelset substructure were replaced by a single complex coordinate obtained from the previous normal modes analysis. Using this model reduction procedure, accurate numerical results for the motion of the rail vehicle were generated several times faster than the results obtained by numerically integrating the full set of differential equations directly. 相似文献
783.
Abstract The objective of this research is to develop and test a framework for efficiency assessment of road safety measures and evaluate its use in decision‐making. An exhaustive review of standard methodologies and practices related to cost‐effectiveness and cost–benefit analyses is carried out for that purpose. Moreover, a number of case studies are performed, concerning the efficiency assessment of various road safety measures in different countries, covering different types of road safety measures (user‐, vehicle‐ or infrastructure‐oriented, policy or enforcement, etc.), ranging from national to local levels of implementation and including both ex ante and ex post evaluations. From the results conclusions are drawn on the efficiency of different road safety measures and the related determinants. Furthermore, the case studies reveal a number of methodology and data issues for which further research is required. The procedures and barriers involved in the use of efficiency assessment techniques at different levels of decision‐making are also highlighted by means of feedback received during and after the various case studies. On the basis of these results, a framework for the promotion, implementation and evaluation of efficiency assessment in road safety decision‐making is proposed. A particular set of recommendations is also presented regarding the treatment of barriers (fundamental, institutional or technical) within the efficiency assessment itself and the related decision‐making process. 相似文献
784.
AbstractWe review a number of theories of motivation, and typologies of motivations, in psychological theory and in application to a variety of specific contexts, including shopping, eating, leisure, tourism, and travel. A recurring theme is the distinction between extrinsic (instrumental, utilitarian, functional) and intrinsic (autotelic, hedonic, experiential) motivations. We suggest that travel is a behavior to which intrinsic motivations apply, and that focusing exclusively on the extrinsic motivations to travel runs the risk of substantially underestimating the demand for travel, and the resistance to policies attempting to reduce it or to technologies (notably, information and communication technologies) expected to (partly) replace it. We offer a number of suggestions for improving standard travel surveys to help obtain the data needed to explore intrinsic motivations more fully. As better data become available, travel behavior models can be refined to partly account for such motivations. We believe that the resulting insights will be extremely valuable to policy-makers, planners, and behavioral scholars. 相似文献
785.
ABSTRACTThis narrative review synthesised the limited work that has been carried out into road safety education targeting parents. Parent education appeared to have a positive impact on child safety seat use and children’s bike helmet use, but results regarding the impact of parent education on pedestrian safety were mixed. The review highlighted important gaps in the literature. A key gap being identifying effective ways to engage parents of low socioeconomic and ethnic minority backgrounds. Further, another gap is understanding effective ways to engage and support parents of children with additional needs to build their children’s road safety skills. There is some evidence that parent education has a positive impact on these “at-risk” groups, but little work on how to engage with these groups and the type of parent education required. 相似文献
786.
P.E. Canning S.J. Hughes E.E. Hellawell B.C.M. Gatersleben C.J. Fairhead 《运输规划与技术》2013,36(8):733-745
Abstract Carpooling, the process by which individuals share a private vehicle for a particular journey or journeys, has been undertaken both formally and informally for a great number of years. A variety of computational methods for undertaking the ‘ride-matching’ element for the formation of carpools have been developed and subsequently made into integrated tools to allow the formation of multiple carpools. Such tools are commonly used by both Local Authorities and employers who are looking to establish and operate their own formal carpool scheme, increasingly using a web-based interface. The aim of this paper is to understand how users enrolled with employer-led carpool schemes perceive the importance of several different factors in their decision to participate. It is a further aim to determine the importance they attach to employer provided priority parking spaces. A survey-based approach investigates the perceptions of users from six different employer operated carpool schemes in the UK. The paper suggests that saving money was perceived as the most important reason for an individual's decision to use a formal employer-led carpool scheme – even amongst carpool schemes where the employer provides significant incentives to participate. No regular access to their own vehicle and ‘more sociable travel’ were generally perceived as less important reasons to participate. For employers who offer priority parking to carpoolers, this was generally valued as important by participants, even when the employment location did not have significant parking pressures. 相似文献
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