川藏公路高尔寺特长单洞隧道设计关键技术研究

拟建高尔寺隧道为国道318线改建项目的控制性工程,为单洞双向行车特长高海拔越岭公路隧道。目前已建成的类似工程样本少,现行公路隧道设计规范没有避难设施的相关标准;针对寒冷地区隧道防冻胀设计只对防排水提出了要求,没有衬砌保温设计的相关对策;施工规范也缺乏高寒地区施工组织设计的相关要求。文章基于高海拔季节性冻融冻胀、单洞双向行车特长公路隧道特征,通过论证选用了隧道技术标准、平纵线位和路面结构型式;在总结和分析国内外类似工程是否设置紧急逃生通道和结合运营通风方式的基础上,本隧道设计采用了车行平导,并对平导压入通风纵向分段数和横通道的连接方式进行了优化;制订了仰拱之下深埋中央排水管和衬砌外贴保温层的防冻保温措施;参考其它行业引入冬期施工的定义和要求,制订了高原施工供氧方案。     

Isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen of suprabenthic fauna in the NW Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean)

Stable isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) analyses were performed on suprabenthic fauna collected in the western Mediterranean (NW Balearic Islands), at depths ranging between 350 and 780 m. Samples were collected seasonally at bi-monthly intervals during six cruises performed between August 2003 and June 2004, using a Macer-GIROQ suprabenthic sledge (0.5 mm mesh size). Twenty-four separate species (5 mysids, 12 amphipods, 2 cumaceans, 2 isopods, 1 euphausiid, 1 decapod and 1 fish) and bulk copepods were analyzed on a seasonal basis for stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Stable nitrogen isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N) ranged from 2.3‰ (the amphipod Lepechinella manco in September 2003) to 13.0‰ (the amphipod Rhachotropis caeca in August 2003). δ¹³C values ranged from − 24.2 (the cumacean Campylaspis sulcata in June 2004) to − 16.1 (the amphipod Bruzelia typica in November 2006). Both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values suggest that there are three trophic levels within the suprabenthic community. However, considering the bathymetric range of the species, the results suggest that the deepest assemblage supported only two trophic levels. The stable isotope ratios of suprabenthic fauna displayed a continuum of values and confirmed a wide spectrum of feeding types (from filter-feeders to predators). In general, and in spite of the poor knowledge about diets available for most suprabenthic species, higher δ¹⁵N were found for carnivorous amphipods (e.g. Rhachotropis spp., Nicippe tumida) consuming copepods. Low overlap for δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values was observed, though δ¹⁵N values where less variable than δ¹³C, which suggests high resource partitioning in this assemblage. Seasonal variations in isotopic composition for both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N were low (less than 1‰ and 3‰, respectively) and variable depending on species. Low correlations between δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of suprabenthic fauna were found for all periods studied, though increasing from February 2004 to June 2004 (after the main peak of primary production in surface). C:N ratio (indicator of lipid content) showed higher values in summer than in winter. This suggests that lipid content may explain the seasonal patterns of δ¹³C variability and, due to the increase of storage products in phytoplankton and zooplankton, it possibly indicates the peak of primary production at the surface.     

Ventilation of bottom water in the North Sea–Baltic Sea transition zone

The transition zone between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea is a highly dynamic region where a general estuarine circulation forms a regional scale frontal system from northern Kattegat to the Arkona Sea. This system is characterized by an upper low saline out?owing Baltic water mass from the in?owing saline Skagerrak bottom water to the Kattegat and Belt Sea area. Large and rapid ?uctuations of the frontal system are caused by barotropic transports, forced by changing sea level difference between northern Kattegat and the western Baltic Sea, and this results in high variability of the hydrographic conditions and also in frequent in- and out?ow events to the Baltic. The dynamics in the region are here analyzed by a regional model of the transition zone, covering the area from the northern Kattegat to the Arkona Sea. The model is validated against water level, temperature and salinity measurements from the region, and the transports through the Danish straits are related to previous estimates and empirical relations. A sensitivity study quantify the role of bathymetry, the tidally induced mixing and the in?owing Skagerrak bottom water for ventilating the bottom water with Skagerrak water or surface water.Furthermore, the dynamics in the region is analyzed with tracers representing the age of the water. The distribution of age tracers with different boundary conditions are analyzed, and the role of advection and mixing for ventilating the bottom water is quanti?ed in terms of the water age. It is shown that the Great Belt area is a very dynamical area where bottom water is ventilated with surface water. The interannual variation of the ventilation of bottom water in the period 2001–2003 is analyzed by various age tracers and related to observed oxygen conditions, and it is shown that the extreme hypoxic event in the autumn 2002 in the southern Kattegat, the Great Belt and in the western Baltic Sea coincide with an unusual low vertical ventilation rate in the Great Belt area, but normal advection rates of bottom water from the northern Kattegat. This indicates that during this particular event, and probably in general, ventilation of bottom water in the Great Belt has signi?cant in?uence on oxygen conditions in the southern part of the region and for ventilation of bottom waters in the western Baltic Sea. In contrast, the central Kattegat is primarily ventilated by advection of bottom water from the Skagerrak. An age tracer representing the ventilation rate of bottom water with either Skagerrak water or surface water is shown to be inversely correlated to the observed oxygen distribution in the region.     

An activity-based assessment of the potential impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on energy and emissions using 1-day travel data

This paper assesses the potential energy profile impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and estimates gasoline and electricity demand impacts for California of their adoption. The results are based on simulations replicating vehicle usage patterns reported in 1-day activity and travel diaries based on the 2000–2001 California Statewide Household Travel Survey. Four charging scenarios are examined. We find that circuit upgrades to 240 V not only bring faster charging times but also reduce charging time differences between PHEV20 and PHEV60; home charging can potentially service 40–50% of travel distances with electric power for PHEV20 and 70–80% for PHEV60; equipping public parking spaces with charging facilities, can potentially convert 60–70% of mileage from fuel to electricity for PHEV20, and 80–90% for PHEV60; and afternoons are found to be exposed to a higher level of emissions.     

Techniques for inserting additional trains into existing timetables

In this paper techniques for scheduling additional train services (SATS) are considered as is train scheduling involving general time window constraints, fixed operations, maintenance activities and periods of section unavailability. The SATS problem is important because additional services must often be given access to the railway and subsequently integrated into current timetables. The SATS problem therefore considers the competition for railway infrastructure between new services and existing services belonging to the same or different operators. The SATS problem is characterised as a hybrid job shop scheduling problem with time window constraints. To solve this problem constructive algorithm and meta-heuristic scheduling techniques that operate upon a disjunctive graph model of train operations are utilised. From numerical investigations the proposed framework and associated techniques are tested and shown to be effective.     

沪昆高铁北盘江特大桥主拱圈施工全过程非线性稳定性评估

为评估沪昆高铁北盘江特大桥主拱圈在施工阶段的非线性稳定性能,运用LSB软件建立主拱圈有限元模型,基于荷载增量法计算了施工全过程的结构非线性稳定系数,考察其随施工过程的变化趋势,并探讨横向风荷载对稳定系数的影响。结果表明:(1)钢管骨架拼装阶段主拱圈非线性稳定系数值为3.4~35.1,最小值3.4发生在拼装与拱顶合龙段相邻的20号吊装节段,钢管骨架合龙时非线性稳定系数为4.5;(2)灌注钢管内混凝土阶段主拱圈非线性稳定系数值为2.6~3.4,最小值2.6发生在灌注下弦外侧钢管内混凝土;(3)浇筑外包混凝土阶段非线性稳定系数值为2.1~4.4,最小值2.1发生在浇筑全断面以外腹板外包混凝土6个工作面的第5段,也是施工全过程主拱圈非线性稳定系数的最小值;(4)非线性稳定系数对横向风荷载的作用并不敏感。     

重载货车径向转向架的经济效益及其性能

介绍了Resco Engineering公司研发的货车用构架式径向转向架.经AAR试验表明,与常规转向架及性能良好的转向架相比,Resco径向转向架的曲线通过能力非常优越,动力学稳定性极好.从经济效益角度,概述了采用Resco径向转向架所能产生的一系列节约效果.     

高速列车气动荷载作用下隧道内配电箱安全性分析

当高速列车通过隧道时,其周围所产生的气压波不可避免地对轨旁电力附属设施造成气动冲击影响。配电箱作为一种隧道内广泛分布的轨旁电力附属设施,在气动荷载作用下,其锚固安全性会受到一定影响。以配电箱为研究对象,利用Abaqus与Fluent进行联合仿真分析其结构安全性。利用流体力学计算软件Fluent,建立空气-高速列车-隧道三维CFD数值计算模型,得到了气动荷载时程曲线;基于Abaqus有限元计算软件,建立配电箱-锚栓-隧道结构的三维精细化有限元模型,研究气动-地层荷载联合作用下配电箱、锚栓与衬砌的动力响应特性以及高速铁路隧道轨旁配电箱的破坏模式与影响因素。研究结果表明：在气动-地层荷载联合作用下,相对于配电箱以及锚栓本身,锚栓安装基座的衬砌表层混凝土最容易发生破坏;混凝土的破坏形状呈现以锚栓中心为轴线的表层椎体分布特征,混凝土潜在破坏模式为渐进式剥离破坏与黏结破坏;混凝土内拉应力与锚栓直径呈现明显的负相关性,为避免因混凝土破坏而造成配电箱脱落等安全事故,可适当提高锚栓直径。     

多源数据融合的城市区域时变停车需求识别方法

城市时变停车需求的准确感知是制定停车管理政策的前提条件之一,然而由于难以获取城市所有停车场进出车辆数据,且部分老旧停车场尚未实现信息化管理,以及违章停车的存在,导致城市区域时变停车需求识别困难。本研究利用城市已有交通信息采集设备,以卡口车牌识别数据、停车场进出车辆数据和出租车GPS数据为基础,通过训练模型区分停车与行车在前后两次卡口数据中的特征差异来识别车辆停车行为,从而实现城市区域时变停车需求识别。首先,结合493个停车场的进出车辆数据和3 649辆出租车的GPS数据确定车辆行停状态,得到846 204个停车样本和81 654个行车样本,并基于合成少数类过采样技术（Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique,SMOTE）+最近邻（Edited Nearest Neighbor,ENN）算法对不均衡行停数据集进行组合采样;其次,利用梯度提升决策树（Gradient Boosting Decision Tree,GBDT）来识别车辆的停车行为,结果表明本文建立的停车行为识别模型准确率为93.1%,精确率为99.6%,召回率为86.5%,识别效果优于...     

TransNIEMO: economic impact analysis using a model of consistent inter-regional economic and network equilibria

We describe a model that integrates a multiregional input–output (I–O) model of the USA (for 50 States and the District of Columbia) with the national highway network. Inter-state commodity shipments are placed on a congestible highway network. Simulations of major choke-point disruptions redirect traffic which increases the costs of some shipments. Increased costs show up in higher prices which help to determine a new I–O equilibrium. We find economic and network equilibria that are consistent. The simulations show only moderate economic impacts. We ascribe this to the resilience of the highway network. The model provides State-level detail on who bears the costs of the disruptions.