Privatization of urban transit: The Los Angeles jitney experience

This paper reports on a recent attempt to provide private transit in the form of jitney service in downtown Los Angeles. It describes the process undertaken to initiate jitney service and the resultant organization's structure and operation. A survey of jitney passengers provided information on the users and their tripmaking characteristics. A group of loyal jitney riders emerged who patronized the service because of its lower travel times and more personalized atmosphere. This group formed the core of frequent users. The Los Angeles experience is analyzed in terms of the economic feasibility of jitney service and the impact on the financial status of public transit. The public transit agency experienced a slight negative financial impact as a result of the jitney service. Ridership during peak hours declined somewhat but the jitney service was not frequent enough to carry sufficient passengers to allow the transit agency to cut costly peak hour service. This analysis shows that the jitney service ultimately was not an economically successful operation. The factors which would have increased the likelihood of success were increased frequency of service and higher fares, which would have been sustainable if not for unexpected developments in public transit financing. A labor pool willing to work for low wages, high transit use in the central city, relatively high transit fares and the availability of inexpensive vehicles appear to be prerequisites to a successful urban jitney operation.     

柴油机活塞环Ni-W-SiC复合电刷镀研究

研究了电刷镀Ni-W-SiC复合镀层制备工艺的主要参数对该复合镀层耐磨性能的影响。试验表明,按优化参数制得的复合镀层具有较好的耐磨性,可用于提高柴油机活塞环的使用寿命,特别是对烧重油,甚至烧渣油的柴油机活塞环更有利。     

Management of coastal eutrophication: Integration of field data, ecosystem-scale simulations and screening models

A hybrid approach for eutrophication assessment in estuarine and coastal ecosystems is presented. The ASSETS screening model (http://www.eutro.org) classifies eutrophication status into five classes: High (better), Good, Moderate, Poor and Bad (worse). This model was applied to a dataset from a shallow coastal barrier island system in southwest Europe (Ria Formosa), with a resulting score of Good. A detailed dynamic model was developed for this ecosystem, and the outputs were used to drive the screening model. Four scenarios were run on the research model: pristine, standard (simulates present loading), half and double the current nutrient loading. The Ria Formosa has a short water residence time and eutrophication symptoms are not apparent in the water column. However, benthic symptoms are expressed as excessive macroalgal growth and strong dissolved oxygen fluctuations in the tide pools. The standard simulation results showed an ASSETS grade identical to the field data application. The application of the screening model to the other scenario outputs showed the responsiveness of ASSETS to changes in pressure, state and response, scoring a grade of High under pristine conditions, Good for half the standard scenario and Moderate for double the present loadings. The use of this hybrid approach allows managers to test the outcome of measures against a set of well-defined metrics for the evaluation of state. It additionally provides a way of testing and improving the pressure component of ASSETS. Sensitivity analysis revealed that sub-sampling the output of the research model at a monthly scale, typical for the acquisition of field data, may significantly affect the outcome of the screening model, by overlooking extreme events such as occasional night-time anoxia in tide pools.     

积极研究、推进铁路运输财务体制改革

结合铁路建立现代企业制度、“网运分离”的运输体制改革目标，论证了铁路进行财务体制改革的必要性，分析了推进运输财务体制改革的若干重要关系，提出了２００１年铁路运输财务体制改革的思路、基本前提、主要内容和各项配合工作。     

基于知识积累的软件运行剖面生成方法及黑箱测试技术

软件的黑箱测试是一个面向用户的软件测试方法，当它以运行剖面为基础生成测试案例时，运行剖面的完备性将直接影响其测试结果的可信性，基于知识积累的软件运行剖面生成方法就是试图通过知识的获取和积累使生成的运行剖面日趋完备，从而达到黑箱测试技术在某些特殊的软件测试领域中更具实用和可信。文章讨论了软件 运行剖面的完备性和软件失效类等概念，提出了一种基于知识各界的软件运行剖面生成广阔圾黑箱测试技术，这种技术现已     

股骨下端骺软骨板血液供应的研究

用微血管造影及组织切片的方法,对9例2～15岁儿童和35只2～6周幼兔的股骨下端骺进行了观察。结果发现,在人体骺软骨板内有血管存在,它们主要来源于骨骺血管,行走于软骨管内,一般仅限于储备层内。但在2例儿童可以看到骨骺血管与干骺血管有交通。这一现象可以合理地解释一些骨病的X线表现规律。在幼兔,骺软骨板内的血管与人类似,但未发现骨骺与干骺间有血管交通。     

ZPW-2000A监测子系统

根据实际应用的情况,介绍了ZPW-2000A监测子系统的结构和技术特点,并重点介绍采集设备的采集内容和采集处理器的功能.     

A game-theoretic analysis of competition among container port hubs: the case of Busan and Shanghai 1

Countries throughout the world, and especially within Asia, are investing heavily in container port infrastructure in the hopes of capturing a larger share of global shipping activity for their economies. Many existing ports are emphasizing developing the capacity to serve as a hub port, building deepwater berths with large terminals to facilitate transfer of containers from feeder ships to mother ships for intercontinental transport. We develop a game-theoretic best response framework for understanding how competitor ports will respond to development at a focus port, and whether the focus port will be able to capture or defend market share by building additional capacity. We apply this model to investment and competition currently occurring between the ports of Busan and Shanghai.     

加筋土工程中筋材的拉拔试验研究

对双面加筋挡土墙结构中预埋的不同层位、不同长度的拉筋进行现场拉拔试验,分析表明筋土之间的拉拔摩阻力随上覆压力的增加而逐渐增大,拉筋越长,抗拔力越大。拉拔试验所测得的似摩擦系数及似粘聚力高于常规设计值,拉拔试验真实地反映了筋土界面的工作状态。     

基于PC/104的数据记录仪的设计与应用

为了实现对船舶重要装置的监测,设计一种基于PC/104的数据记录仪.该数据记录仪分为上位机和下位机两部分.上位机采用VC++编程,实现对该重要装置的数据记录获取、故障分析等功能.下位机采用PC/104模块和Windows CE实现对该装置的数据采集、记录、声光报警.该数据记录仪的采集速度为10 kHz,精度为0.2%.由于充分融合了PC/104模块,Windows CE的优点,该记录仪具有监测稳定性好,可靠性高,全程自动化程度高和操作简单等特点,已成功应用于船舶的重要装置中.