A redefinition of water masses in the Vietnamese upwelling area

A redefinition of characteristic water masses in the Vietnamese upwelling area is presented based on five interdisciplinary cruises during different seasons and 331 CTD casts. In contrast to the previous definition of Rojana-anawat et al. (2001), we clearly can define water masses which serve as end members of mixing. This new definition is useful for an improved understanding of geographical positions of different water masses with respect to climate variability, the phytoplankton distribution and complex nutrient cycle in this area.     

Spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of particles, bacteria, and pEPS in Arctic winter sea ice

Abundances of particles, total bacteria, and particulate extracellular polymeric substances (pEPS) in Arctic sea ice were tracked through a winter season to examine the impact of combined extremes of low temperature and high salinity on the prokaryotic microbial community. Three horizons, centered at depths of 25, 45, and 65 cm from the ice surface, with mean seasonal temperatures of − 20, − 17, and − 13 °C, respectively, were sampled 16 times over the course of 12 weeks. Microscopic counts of bacteria (stained with DAPI) and particles (stained with acridine orange) reflected the dynamic conditions of the growing ice sheet, with greater abundances and variability in the upper ice horizons compared to the lower. The trend of higher particle and bacterial abundances in the upper ice was corroborated by several full-depth profiles taken during the expedition, which also displayed significantly decreasing cell abundance with depth. Bacterial abundance declined slowly and significantly with time in the upper and middle ice horizons, but not in the lowest, suggesting that much of the prokaryotic microbial community is resilient to extreme environmental conditions. We found that pEPS concentrations increased significantly with time and with decreasing temperatures in all depth horizons, which may lend support to the argument that sea ice bacteria produce EPS in situ as a cryoprotectant.     

The Prince Edward Islands pelagic ecosystem, south Indian Ocean: a review of achievements, 1976–1990

This review summarizes the main research findings of the multi-year oceanographic and biological studies conducted in the vicinity of the Prince Edward Archipelago during the period 1976 to 1990. The Prince Edward Islands represent a flow-through system on the mainstream of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Although there are no taxonomic differences between the pelagic communities of the upstream, inter-island and downstream regions, these mesoscale subsystems may operate differently. The mesoscale oceanographic and biological processes appear to be affected by the position of the Subantarctic Front (SAF) in the vicinity of the islands. Both the rich benthic community, which is supported by the local enhancement of primary production, and the strong advection of zooplankton/micronekton from the upstream region provide the food resources necessary for the survival of the huge community of land-based predators present on the islands. Collectively this is termed the ‘life-support system'. Future studies should concentrate on the meridional shifts in the position of the SAF and its influence on background productivity upstream and downstream of the Prince Edward Archipelago.     

不同规制条件下出租车静态市场平衡机制分析

出租车作为一种重要的交通方式,能够为出行者提供快捷、舒适和直接的运输服务。世界上各大城市对出租车市场的运营均采用严格的规制,通过控制出租车牌照的发放来控制出租车辆的规模。同时,还规定了出租车费用收取的标准以及服务质量等其他方面的运营标准。为了解出租车市场的平衡机制,结合解析法和博弈论,就出租车市场在竞争市场和垄断市场等市场机制下可能出现的市场行为进行了分析,从而描述了企业和政府在不同规制条件下可能采取的相应行动。     

交通事故有关的侵权(渎职)官司

因交通事故而引发的道路管理者侵权(渎职)官司正变得越来越普遍。介绍了加州和美国的与交通事故有关的侵权(渎职)官司的定义、认定、索赔和实例,详细指出了加州运输部在项目开发和运营养护工作中有效避免侵权(渎职)官司的具体策略。