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791.
Brian Gaylord Daniel C. Reed Libe Washburn Peter T. Raimondi 《Journal of Marine Systems》2004,49(1-4):19
The physical–biological linkages controlling the dispersal of spores produced by macroalgae that reside in kelp forests are complicated and laced with feedbacks. Here we discuss the fundamental elements of these interactions. Biological considerations include spore swimming and sinking speeds, their periods of viability in the plankton, and the height of spore release above the seafloor, which together determine the durations over which spores can be swept by horizontal currents before they contact the seafloor. Morphologies and material properties of canopy forming kelps may also influence the drag exerted on passing waters by the kelps, the plants' ability to persist in the face of rapid flows, and thereby the degree to which impinging currents are redirected around, or slowed within, kelp forests. Macroalgal life histories, and the size of spore sources as controlled by the dimensions of kelp forests and the density and fecundity of individuals within them, influence effective dispersal distances as well. Physical considerations encompass the mean speed, direction, and timescales of variability of currents relative to spore suspension times, the interaction of surface gravity waves with currents in producing turbulence in the benthic boundary layer, wind-driven surface mixing, water stratification, and shoreline bathymetry and substratum roughness, all of which can affect the interplay of vertical and horizontal transport of macroalgal spores. Intricate within-forest processes may induce attenuation of current speeds and consequent reductions in seabed shear, along with simultaneous production of small-scale turbulence in kelp wakes. Slower mean currents and smaller eddy scales in turn may attenuate vertical mixing within forests, thus extending spore suspension times. Further complexities likely arise due to changes in the relative rates of horizontal and vertical dispersion, modifications to the overall profiles of vertical mixing, and the creation of fine-scale secondary flows around kelp individuals and substratum features. Under conditions of more rapid currents, submergence of the surface canopy and the establishment of skimming flows at the canopy–fluid interface may introduce additional coherent flow structures that alter rates of fluid exchange to and from the forest. Many of these coupled physical–biological processes are just beginning to be examined in a rigorous fashion in kelp forests, but their potential importance is clear. 相似文献
792.
Short sea shipping has begun to receive attention from governments worldwide, as they seek to reduce traffic congestion and greenhouse gases. Despite a long coastline and its interest in international maritime affairs, the Canadian government had, until 2003, placed greater emphasis on resolving the issues of other transport modes. In July 2003, Canada and the United States signed a Memorandum of Cooperation on Sharing Short Sea Shipping Information and Experience. Subsequently, the federal government embarked on an assessment of short sea shipping through a series of workshops. This paper explores the key issues with respect to further development of short sea shipping from a Canadian perspective. It examines the critical limitations and impediments to further growth of short sea services in Canada and trans-border trade with the USA, and identifies a number of questions Canadian policymakers need to answer. 相似文献
793.
就欧洲铁路跨境运输用司机台项目开发了能方便今后铁路跨境运输的司机台.该司机台的特点是改善了司机台的人机工程学、可单手操作牵引制动转换开关和使用了现代化的终端技术.在仿真运行中对具有功能的演示司机台进行了首批试验,获得大家的高度肯定. 相似文献
794.
长大隧道施工地质超前预测预报技术应用研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
结合渝怀铁路金洞隧道施工地质超前预测预报技术的实施,着重介绍长大隧道施工地质超前预测预报技术应用研究的目的、思路、方法、手段、工作原理、实施步骤与判别方法、主要预测预报成果及体会。 相似文献
795.
为适应区间铁路客运的需要,瑞士Stadler铁路成套设备公司开发了创新的轻型快速区间运输动车组FLIRT(Flinker Leichter Innovativer Regional Triebzug).该动车组以用于贯穿瑞士南北铁路连接线的瑞士中部州府而闻名.该城市必须重新评价其近郊铁路客运的设计,寻求远期的解决办法.就今天公交运输的财政形势来说,必须寻求一种费用最佳的解决办法.为此放弃了广泛新建铁路基础设施的办法,而主要是充分利用现有基础设施.对此决定将FLIRT动车组用于客、货运繁忙的南北铁路连接线.文章介绍该城市铁路动车组的设计. 相似文献
796.
797.
讨论软开关变流器的稳态分析.由于分别由软开关变流器的Lr-Cr单元和大的L-C滤波器单元决定的快、慢固有频率的共存,通过启动瞬态仿真程序寻找软开关变流器的稳态解可能会造成繁琐的计算和收敛失败.由于采用了基于暂态分析的换相检测技术和基于补偿原理的换相分析技术,文章所提出的数值法显示了高可靠性和快速收敛性.对两个直流变换器、一台逆变器和一台功率因数补偿装置作的稳态分析,突出显示了仿真算法的良好性能. 相似文献
798.
TTB or not TTB, that is the question: a review and analysis of the empirical literature on travel time (and money) budgets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Patricia L. Mokhtarian Cynthia Chen 《Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice》2004,38(9-10):643-675
This paper summarizes and analyses findings from more than two dozen aggregate and disaggregate studies of travel time (and sometimes money) expenditures, exploring the question of the existence of a constant travel time budget. We conclude (with prior researchers) that travel time expenditures are not constant except, perhaps, at the most aggregate level. Nevertheless, individuals’ travel time expenditures do show patterns that can be partly explained by measurable characteristics. Travel time expenditure is strongly related to individual and household characteristics (e.g., income level, gender, employment status, and car ownership), attributes of activities at the destination (e.g., activity group and activity duration), and characteristics of residential areas (e.g., density, spatial structure, and level of service). To the extent that travel time expenditures are constant at the aggregate level, the underlying mechanisms explaining that regularity are not well understood. Consequently, further research into explaining travel time and money expenditure patterns is justified. 相似文献
799.
L. Auersch 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2005,43(9):671-695
A combined finite-element boundary-element method is presented in detail to calculate the dynamic interaction of the railway track and the underlying soil. A number of results are shown for ballasted and slab track, demonstrating the influence of the stiffness of the soil and the rail pads on the vertical compliance of the track. The compliance of the track is combined with a simple model of the vehicle giving the transfer function of vehicle-track interaction. An experimental verification of the theoretical results is achieved by harmonic and impulse excitation with and without static (train-) load and by combined measurements of train-track-soil interaction. A clear vehicle-track resonance is found for the slab track with elastic rail pads and for higher frequencies at highspeed traffic, the dynamic axle loads due to sleeper passage are reduced. 相似文献
800.
From a comparative study it is concluded that current design rules for the spherical pressure hull of manned submersible need to be updated and unified. In this paper, a series of spherical pressure hulls are calculated by nonlinear FEM. Based on these numerical results, the influence of critical arch length and the relationship of ultimate strength with t/R and structural imperfection are studied. Finally, empirical formulae for the ultimate strength of the titanium alloy spherical pressure hull of deep manned submersible based on numerical computations are given. The formulae can be used as the core equations to update current design rules. 相似文献