Efficiency of the public and private bus transport sectors in Sri Lanka

The public and private bus sectors are in direct competition in most bus routes in Sri Lanka. Consequently, Sri Lanka is an ideal location to study their relative efficiencies. Five dimensions of transit performance are analyzed for comparing the relative efficiencies of the two sectors: cost efficiency, labour efficiency, input efficiency, revenue generation and safety. Productivity ratios are utilized for measuring the dimensions of transit performance. The productivity ratios for cost efficiency, labour efficiency in terms of total staff, input efficiency, revenue generation and safety in terms of accidents per bus showed the private bus transport sector to be more efficient than the public bus transport sector.     

A model for assessing the effects of dynamic travel time information via variable message signs

In view of the serious traffic congestion during peak hours in most metropolitan areas around the world and recent improvement of information technology, there is a growing aspiration to alleviate road congestion by applications of electronic information and communication technology. Providing drivers with dynamic travel time information such as estimated journey times on major routes should help drivers to select better routes and guide them to utilise existing expressway network. This can be regarded as one possible strategy for effective traffic management. This paper aims to investigate the effects and benefits of providing dynamic travel time information to drivers via variable message signs at the expressway network. In order to assess the effects of the dynamic driver information system with making use of the variable message signs, a time-dependent traffic assignment model is proposed. A numerical example is used to illustrate the effects of the dynamic travel time information via variable message signs. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Experimental research on spray and combustion characteristics of the third generation conical spray

A new generation conical spray system for conventional diesel engines or premixed combustion diesel engines is introduced. By means of oriented impingement method, flexible spray penetration in design is realized. High-speed photograph was used to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of the new spray for cases of different impingement angles and needle valve opening pressures. The results show that, by applying spray impingement orientation, fuel jets spread along the cone surface as shape of sectors, so the dispersion of jets is increased obviously. Changing on impingement angle leads to variation of penetration, which is critical in homogeneous mixture preparation. Due to the flexibility of spray penetration in design, the spray impingement on liner is avoided in a great extent. The results also indicate that higher needle valve opening pressure results in longer penetration and larger spray angle after impingement. Combustion characteristics of the impinged conical spray were studied in the 1135 type diesel engine. The new impinged conical spray system work smoothly in full load range with better fuel economy and lower emissions of NOx and soot than the original test engine.     

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional combustion flows

A finite-rate method is used to simulate the three-dimensional combustion process in a plasma generator with CH4 as the fuel. The simulation was run with RNG k-ε model to simulate turbulence, with eddy-dissipation-concept （EDC） model to simulate the combustion and with discrete ordinates model to simulate radiation. The numerical results show that the flow field characteristics and the parameter distributions are under the condition of rich fuels, and these results provide valuable information when optimizing the plasma generator design and organizing its flow fields.     

A nonlinear model reference adaptive inverse control algorithm with pre-compensator

In this paper, the reduced-order modeling （ROM） technology and its corresponding linear theory are expanded from the linear dynamic system to the nonlinear one, and H∞ control theory is employed in the frequency domain to design some nonlinear system＇ s pre-compensator in some special way. The adaptive model inverse control （AMIC）theory coping with nonlinear system is improved as well. Such is the model reference adaptive inverse control with pre-compensator （PCMRAIC）. The aim of that algorithm is to construct a strategy of control as a whole. As a practical example of the application, the nunlerical simulation has been given on matlab software packages. The numerical result is given. The proposed strategy realizes the linearization control of nonlinear dynamic system. And it carries out a good performance to deal with the nonlinear system.     

CATIA modeling method of ship hull with hull line as data input北大核心CSCD

[Objective]To simplify the ship modeling process and improve modeling efficiency, this paper proposes a method for rapidly implementing hull model creation based on hull line drawing.[Methods]Using the CATIA platform, this method adopts the component application architecture (CAA) development tool for secondary development. First, by reading the geometry elements and label information of the hull lines in a drawing, the transformation of the offset points from 2D to 3D is realized. On this basis, the creation of the hull lines, stern and bow is completed, and a 3D wireframe model obtained. Finally, the hull 3D modeling is completed in conjunction with the CATIA native surface creation command. The stability and reliability verification of the developed type value extraction and bow generation program is then carried out via application analysis.[Results]The results show that the compiled program can realize the automatic creation of offset points, transverse lines, waterlines, profile lines and other boundary lines except the top line of the wall, and the centerline and tangent lines created by the bow generator are easily modified and simple for users to operate. [Conclusions]The verification results show that the method of a creating hull model using "Generative Shape Design" and "Drafting" with the hull line drawing as the data input is stable, reliable and able to realize rapid hull modeling, giving it certain practical value. © The Author(s) 2022.