基于层次分析法的拉萨市交通安全评价模型研究

随着拉萨市经济水平的发展,城市道路交通安全变成了人们较为重视的社会问题.为改善道路交通安全现状,本文将从人为、车辆、道路和环境四个评价指标,采用层次分析法构建交通安全评价模型,对拉萨市交通安全进行评价分析,为城市道路交通安全提供参考依据.     

深切顺层岩质边坡的抗滑桩支护效果分析

顺层滑坡问题在我国西部工程建设中较为突出和普遍.利用有限元法,针对沪蓉西高速公路深切顺层岩质边坡问题,对抗滑桩支护前后边坡的应力场、位移场及稳定性进行模拟分析.对结果的分析比较表明:抗滑桩支护结构可有效地抑制顺层边坡的变形和滑动,明显提高边坡的整体稳定系数,对维护顺层边坡的整体稳定性具有良好的效果.     

高架桥基础承台开挖引起的路面差异沉降控制方法研究

高架桥基础承台施工时需开挖基坑,回填后新路基在车辆荷载作用下将产生较大的沉降,故造成新老路基上部路面的差异沉降。该文采用有限差分软件FLAC3D分析研究不同的土工格栅层数、格栅模量、格栅位置、回填材料以及基坑开挖方式对减小路面差异沉降的效果。计算结果表明:格栅层数越多对减小差异沉降的效果越好,并且随着格栅层数的增加,格栅加筋效果减弱。增加格栅模量也可减小路面不均匀沉降,且格栅铺设的3个位置都有作用,其中铺设在面层与基层交界处效果最好。回填材料选择二灰土可以明显减小新老路基的差异沉降,故采用类似二灰土等坚硬的回填材料具有很好的效果。基坑开挖采用放坡开挖的方式,对减小沉降与差异沉降方面的效果优于台阶开挖。     

汽车侧碰撞儿童约束系统模型的建立及其设计参数的仿真研究

运用多刚体动力学和有限元耦合的方法建立了儿童约束系统模型,并对该模型有效性进行了验证,在此基础上运用PSM（Prescribed Structure Motion）子结构法研究侧碰撞中儿童约束系统的相关设计参数对3岁儿童乘员动力学响应及其损伤的影响,仿真结果表明,儿童安全座椅侧翼的深度、儿童座椅安全带开孔的位置、儿童座椅安全带刚度对儿童乘员的头、颈部及胸部的加速度响应影响较大,适当地调整这些参数可以降低3岁儿童乘员在侧面碰撞中的受伤风险。     

螺旋桨毂帽鳍节能性能的数值模拟

毂帽鳍作为一种新型的船用节能装置,合理地安排其在桨后的位置,能明显提升螺旋桨的推进效率,因此,有必要对毂帽鳍的节能效果进行研究。采用计算流体动力学方法,对毂帽鳍的敞水性能进行模拟。通过改变鳍叶在桨后的各个参数,分析其尾流的变化,以及各重要剖面处的压力分布等情况。模拟结果表明：鳍叶的不同安装角位置对桨的效率变化有明显的影响,而轴向位置的改变则对其效率的提高影响不大。通过观察尾流分布及压力分布图,可以直观地看出鳍叶的主要功效是产生与螺旋桨转向相同的扭矩,同时使尾流速度降低从而削弱乃至消除毂涡。     

永磁同步电机无传感器控制在电力推进中的应用综述

在高性能的船舶电力推进系统中,通常依靠机械式传感器为推进电机提供准确的转子位置和速度等信息.但受舱室内恶劣环境的影响,传感器的精度可能会下降甚至将信号完全丢失,此时可将无位置/速度传感器控制算法得到的转子相关信息作为备用,从而提高整个控制系统的可靠性.本文以基于矢量控制的永磁同步电机为研究对象,对各种主流的无传感器控制...     

Exploring the impact of walk–bike infrastructure,safety perception,and built-environment on active transportation mode choice: a random parameter model using New York City commuter data

This study estimates a random parameter (mixed) logit model for active transportation (walk and bicycle) choices for work trips in the New York City (using 2010–2011 Regional Household Travel Survey Data). We explored the effects of traffic safety, walk–bike network facilities, and land use attributes on walk and bicycle mode choice decision in the New York City for home-to-work commute. Applying the flexible econometric structure of random parameter models, we capture the heterogeneity in the decision making process and simulate scenarios considering improvement in walk–bike infrastructure such as sidewalk width and length of bike lane. Our results indicate that increasing sidewalk width, total length of bike lane, and proportion of protected bike lane will increase the likelihood of more people taking active transportation mode This suggests that the local authorities and planning agencies to invest more on building and maintaining the infrastructure for pedestrians. Further, improvement in traffic safety by reducing traffic crashes involving pedestrians and bicyclists, will increase the likelihood of taking active transportation modes. Our results also show positive correlation between number of non-motorized trips by the other family members and the likelihood to choose active transportation mode. The model would be an essential tool to estimate the impact of improving traffic safety and walk–bike infrastructure which will assist in investment decision making.     

Developing green fleet management strategies: Repair/retrofit/replacement decisions under environmental regulation

The considerable cost of maintaining large fleets has generated interest in cost minimization strategies. With many related decisions, numerous constraints, and significant sources of uncertainty (e.g. vehicle breakdowns), fleet managers face complex dynamic optimization problems. Existing methodologies frequently make simplifying assumptions or fail to converge quickly for large problems. This paper presents an approximate dynamic programming approach for making vehicle purchase, resale, and retrofit decisions in a fleet setting with stochastic vehicle breakdowns. Value iteration is informed by dual variables from linear programs, as well as other bounds on vehicle shadow prices. Sample problems are based on a government fleet seeking to comply with emissions regulation. The model predicts the expected cost of compliance, the rules the fleet manager will use in deciding how to comply, and the regulation’s impact on the value of vehicles in the fleet. Stricter regulation lowers the value of some vehicle categories while raising the value of others. Such insights can help guide regulators, as well as the fleet managers they oversee. The methodologies developed could be applied more broadly to general multi-asset replacement problems, many of which have similar structures.     

移动闭塞系统区间通过能力分析及参数计算

移动闭塞条件下"闭塞分区"呈现出"移动"和"长度变化"的特征,其区间通过能力的计算较固定闭塞系统更加复杂。本文建立了移动闭塞系统区间通过能力的数学模型,对区间通过能力与列车追踪运行速度、跟驰车距和列车性能等参数之间的相互关系进行了定性、定量分析,并就关键参数的计算方法进行了深入的讨论,对移动闭塞条件下的列车运行控制与行车组织有一定的参考价值。