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141.
Alan J. Horowitz 《Transportation》2010,37(4):689-703
This paper describes a group of techniques for disaggregating origin–destination tables for travel forecasting that makes
explicit use of observed traffic on a network. Five models within the group are presented, each of which uses nonlinear least-squares
estimation to obtain row and column factors for splitting trip totals from and to larger geographical areas into smaller ones.
The techniques are philosophically similar to Fratar factoring, although the solution method is quite different. The techniques
are tested on a full-sized network for Northfield, MN and are found to work effectively. 相似文献
142.
Margarida C. Coelho Marco B. Luzia 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2010,15(8):443-450
This paper analyzes the energetic performance of the hybrid Lexus RX 400h, through on-board measurements. Several speed profiles were analyzed, for three driving types, successive stop and go cycles, three speed profiles, crossing an electronic toll collection booth, and a roundabout. In stop and go situations the internal combustion engine did not work (the torque needed to impulse the vehicle in the stop and go situations was only supported by the electric engines), as well as in the situations of constant low speeds (50 or 60 km h?1). The auxiliary support given by the electric engines in the accelerations, as well as the importance of the energy regeneration system on the batteries’ load recovery is also demonstrated. When compared with similar conventional vehicles, the Lexus RX 400h has lower combined energy consumption between 1.2% and 60%. 相似文献
143.
144.
Chia-Juch Chang Robert D. Miles Kumares C. Sinha 《Transportation Research Part B: Methodological》1981,15(4):227-238
A regional railroad network is presented to evaluate the system's response to increased coal traffic. An optimal, multimodal, coal-shipping pattern is developed for the study region to minimize total costs and to efficiently use the existing network. A two-stage, general model allocates resources among demands and then assigns flows to the network according to efficiency criteria. The model is sufficiently general to permit modification for specific needs, assumptions and data. Government agencies and industries can apply the model in resource allocation decisions and transportation policy analysis. 相似文献
145.
V. Alkan S. M. Karamihas G. Anlas 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(4):529-535
To investigate static tire enveloping characteristics, a three dimensional (3-D) finite element model is proposed. The vertical
stiffness of the tire is studied on a flat surface with and without cleat. Tire rubber materials and cord layers are represented
independently using “rebar” elements available in MSC Marc Mentat. Comparisons of numerical and experimental results are given
to show the validity of the proposed model. It is shown that after a certain displacement, the results of the proposed model
agree well with experimental results. In addition, the model results show that regardless of the type of the cleat placed
under the rim center (hub center), all vertical force curves intersect after a certain displacement, which indicates typical
static enveloping characteristics. Moreover, another typical characteristic of the radial tires that is unlike those of bias-ply
constructions confirms that the contact patch does not expand laterally after a level vertical load is applied to the tire,
which is directly related to fuel consumption and tire tread life. 相似文献
146.
Timon H. Stasko H. Oliver Gao 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2010,15(5):254-262
Bus transit is often promoted as a green form of transportation, but surprisingly little research has been done on how to run transit systems in a green manner. Both vehicle task assignment and purchase models are generally constructed to minimize financial costs. Integrating vehicle task assignment with purchase decisions is made challenging by the different time scales involved. An integer programming approach is used to combine vehicle purchase, retrofit and aggregated task assignment decisions. The formulation is designed to operate in sequence with traditional vehicle task assignment models, to add emissions and long term financial cost elements to the objective, while maintaining computational tractability and feasible input data requirements. In a case study, a transit agency saves money in the long term by using stimulus money to buy CNG infrastructure instead of purchasing only new buses. Carbon prices up to $400/(ton CO2 equivalent) do not change vehicle purchase decisions, but higher carbon prices can cause more diesel hybrid purchases, at a high marginal cost. Although the motivation and numerical case study are from the US transit industry, the model is formulated to be widely applicable to green fleet management in multiple contexts. 相似文献
147.
目标识别是水中设备智能化的关键技术之一.通过阐述支持向量域描述(SVDD)以及乘性规则(GA)的原理,提出基于乘性规则和支持向量域结合的方法对水中目标进行分类识别,对比SVM算法需要支持向量数多,运算速度慢的缺点,该方法能有效提高优化识别速度. 相似文献
148.
Joanne Ellis Björn Forsman Susann Gehl Uwe Langbecker Kurt Riedel Pierre C. Sames 《WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs》2008,7(1):133-149
Commercial shipping of containerized goods involves certain risks for human safety and environment. In order to actively manage these risks, they must be identified, analyzed, modeled, and quantified. This requires a systematical analysis of design and operation of container vessels. Within the EU-funded research project SAFEDOR, a Formal Safety Assessment has been applied to establish the current safety level of generic container ships and to identify potential cost-effective risk control options. This paper describes a structured approach to develop the underlying high-level risk model. It is structured as risk contribution tree consisting of a series of fault trees and event trees for the major accident categories. Statistical analysis of casualty data is used to estimate the probability of occurrence. Finally, the summation overall individual risk contributions yields the current risk pro file for the operation of container vessels is presented as FN-curve. 相似文献
149.
Shin Hyung Rhee Boris P. Makarov H. Krishinan Vladimir Ivanov 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2005,10(4):173-180
This study was concerned with the free-surface wave flow around a surface-piercing foil. The volume of fluid method implemented
in a Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics code was employed. Three widely used discretization schemes for the volume
of fluid method were assessed for a test case that involved general ship waves, spilling breaking waves in front of the leading
edge, and bubbly free surfaces in separated regions. A single computational approach was selected for the comparison, and
a grid-dependence study was carried out. The computational results were validated against existing experimental data, showing
good agreement. The validation results suggest that all three discretization schemes perform well, but the best and most efficient
results were obtained using the high-resolution interface capturing scheme. 相似文献
150.
China, Japan, and the European Union use weight-based fuel economy standards, whereas the US Department of Transportation favors footprint-based standards. In this paper we offer a way of reconciling these approaches. Weight-based standards tend to focus regulatory incentives on technology rather than downsizing, but they provide no incentive for weight reduction. Footprint-based standards, by contrast, motivate vehicle manufacturers to reduce weight without reducing footprint, but only to the extent that they are also motivated to increase footprint without increasing weight. Neither approach discriminates between beneficial and detrimental weight-changing strategies. However, the tradeoffs between weight and footprint can be circumvented by employing a weight-based standard, which does not create weight-changing incentives, in combination with complementary regulatory measures that would be focused specifically and exclusively on motivating beneficial weight reduction strategies. 相似文献