框架结构钢筋混凝土面板裂缝分析与防治

对重庆果园港区码头现浇钢筋混凝土面板裂缝进行理论分析，找出产生裂缝的原因，并针对性地采取措施。这些措施包括：提高混凝土本身抗拉强度；采用混凝土后浇带方式在施工期间解除束缚面板混凝土的约束；通过对混凝土原材料、配合比的优化和采取施工措施来减少混凝土的自生收缩、塑性收缩、干缩及温度变化和内外温差引起的收缩，从而大大降低混凝土的收缩应力。     

散货船价格跌无可跌

散货船是全球船队保有量最大的船型,新船成交量在2006～2010年,年均超过1亿载重吨,尤其是2007年市场巅峰期订单量达到了1.7亿载重吨。金融危机后,新船需求骤降,2011年散货船新船订单不足4000万载重吨,2012年前三季度仅成交1310万载重吨,尽管成交量仍位居各船型之首,但与往日行情已不可同日而语。     

Vehicle distance estimation using a mono-camera for FCW/AEB systems

For robust vision-based forward collision warning (FCW) and autonomous emergency braking (AEB) systems, not only reliable detection performance including high detection rate and low false positives but also accurate measurement output of a target vehicle is required. Especially, in order to reduce false alarm or activation of FCW/AEB systems, the systems require the precise measurement output of a target object, such as position, velocity, acceleration, and time-to-collision (TTC). In this study, we developed a measurement estimation algorithm of a target vehicle using a monocular camera. This method estimates two cases of vehicle widths for a target vehicle by using the detected lane information and a pin-hole camera model. After that, the position, velocity, acceleration, and TTC of a target vehicle are estimated by using a Kalman filter for the each estimated vehicle width. To improve robustness, the both estimation results using the detected lane information and the pinhole camera model are fused. This estimation algorithm was evaluated and compared with the state-of-the-art technology. As a result, the proposed measurement output estimation method can improve the performance of the FCW/AEB systems.     

Effects of Injection Timing on Transient Performance of A Regulated Two-Stage Turbocharged Diesel Engine with Turbine Bypass Valve

The object of this paper is to reduce soot emissions under typical 5s transient conditions of constant speed and increasing torque. And effects of fuel injection timing on combustion and emissions parameters were experimentally and numerically studied in a regulated two-stage turbocharged diesel engine with a turbine bypass valve (TBV). The test results indicated that: the smaller TBV opening could improve deterioration of smoke emissions and BSFC at medium and heavy loads. Afterward, the full-stage injection timing (FSIT) strategies (delaying injection timing during the entire transient process) could reduce soot and NO_X emissions simultaneously. However, when TBV opening became larger, smoke emissions and BSFC were deteriorated gradually. Moreover, the sectional-stage injection timing (SSIT) strategies (advancing injection timing from 10 % load to a preset load and delaying injection timing from the preset load to 100 % load) could markedly reduce soot emissions by 75.8 % with TBV opening 20 %; the degradation of fuel consumption could be effectively suppressed. Finally, coupling the SSIT strategies with the TBV control strategies could significantly improve the transient performance.     

Iterative Learning Control Algorithm for Feedforward Controller of EGR and VGT Systems in a CRDI Diesel Engine

The modern diesel engines equip the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system to suppress the NOx emissions. In addition, the variable geometric turbocharger (VGT) system is installed to improve the drivability and fuel efficiency. These EGR and VGT systems have cross-coupled behavior because they interact with the intake and the exhaust manifolds. Furthermore, the turbocharger time delay, gas flow dynamics through EGR pipe cause the nonlinearity characteristics. These nonlinear multi-input-multi-output characteristics cause the degradation of control accuracy, especially during the transient condition. In order to improve the control accuracy, this study proposes an iterative learning control (ILC) algorithm for feedforward controller of EGR and VGT systems. The feedforward controller obtains the values about EGR and VGT actuators using the previous control results in predefined transient states. The ILC algorithm consists of a PD-type learning function and a low-pass filter. The control gains of learning function are determined to guarantee the convergence of learning results. In addition, the low-pass filter is designed for robustness against plant disturbance. The proposed control algorithm was validated by engine experiment which repeated predefined transient states. The error was reduced by 15 % according to the gain. As a result, the proposed algorithm is affordable for improving the transient control performance.     

Structural Optimization for Roof Crush Test Using an Enforced Displacement Method

A roof crush test has been utilized to reduce passengers’ injuries from a vehicle rollover. The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 216 and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) perform actual vehicle tests and evaluate the vehicle’s ratings. Nonlinear dynamic response structural optimization can be employed not only for achievement of a high rating but also minimization of the weight. However, the technique needs a huge computation time and cost because many nonlinear dynamic response analyses are required in the time domain. A novel method is proposed for nonlinear dynamic response structural optimization regarding the roof crush test. The process of the proposed method repeats the analysis domain and the design domain until the convergence criteria are satisfied. In the analysis domain, the roof crush test is simulated using a high fidelity model of nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis. In the design domain, a low fidelity model of linear static response structural optimization is utilized with enforced displacements that come from the analysis domain. Correction factors are employed to compensate the differences between a nonlinear dynamic analysis response and a linear static analysis response with enforced displacement. A full-scale vehicle problem is optimized with a constraint on the rigid wall force from the analysis in the design domain.     

软岩隧道初期支护沉降机理及其工程措施研究

为解决软岩隧道开挖过程中初期支护整体下沉普遍较大的工程难题,依托郑州至西安高速铁路大断面黄土隧道及成昆铁路第三系昔格达地层软弱围岩隧道工程,通过理论计算及现场实测,对软弱围岩隧道初期支护普遍沉降较大的原因以及采取的工程措施的可靠性进行分析,得到以下成果： 1）软弱围岩隧道下沉量往往超过20 cm,现场实测的拱脚承受最大荷载为897.4 kN,初期支护整体下沉大的主要原因是拱脚压力较承载力大一个数量级; 2）锁脚锚杆靠近钢架位置的轴力最大,为55 kN。大拱脚的承压特性显著,其压力极值达到0.9～1.7 MPa; 3）增设锁脚锚杆（管）、扩大拱脚和及时闭合仰拱是控制软岩隧道初期支护沉降的关键措施。     

基于人机结合遗传算法的船舶管路三维布局优化设计

船舶管路布局优化问题属于带性能约束的组合优化问题,单纯采用计算机很难进行有效的求解。基于此,论文提出了基于人机合作充分考虑和利用设计人员的专业知识和经验,发挥人机各自特长,将人工解与算法解在改进遗传算法基因层面上进行结合,生成船舶管路三维布局优化设计方法;该方法一方面可以发挥计算机的计算优势,另一方面也充分利用了设计者的设计经验,在一定程度上缓解了求解问题的计算复杂性和工程复杂性,同时有效地引导算法进行搜索,得到满足工程要求的稳定解。最后,通过数值仿真实验验证,证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。