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971.
972.
本文阐述了建立社会保障机制的重要性及我国社会保障利益激励机制的建立途径。公平是社会保险制度的本质特征 ,而公平本身应该是保护与激励的统一 ,因此 ,社会保障制度就是兼顾保护与激励的公平 ,适度体现激励机制是现代社会保障制度发展的趋势 相似文献
973.
Suboptimal Control Design of Active and Passive Suspensions Based on a Full Car Model 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Elsayed M. Elbeheiry Professor Dean C. Karnopp Professor Mohamed E. Elaraby Professor Chairman Ahmed M. Abdelraaouf Professor Vice Dean 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1996,26(3):197-222
An optimal control design method is introduced and then applied to the optimum design of active and passive suspension systems. A basic three-dimensional 7-DOF car riding model subjected to four correlated random road inputs is considered. The design method is basically developed to allow arbitrary choice of sensors for various car state variables to be used for feedback control of each suspension unit. Previous studies show that full-state control laws and even some limited-state control laws often include feedback gains which are almost zero. Some other gains, although not zero, don't play an important role in improving the system performance measures. With the method proposed in this work, every suspension unit can have its own feedback measurements and the criterion function can be related to all state and control variables. Thus a large number of active and semi-active suspension systems with full- or limited-state control laws based on different measurement combination can be suggested, studied, and compared with each other. Instead of comparing these optimized active and semi-active suspension systems with a basic, passive suspension, the passive system itself is optimized with the same criterion. Simulations in the time domain and frequency analyses are performed, and comparisons are made among the systems in terms of r.m.s. car response measures and ISO riding comfort criterion. 相似文献
974.
Biochemical composition of marine sediment from the eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica): High nutritive value in a high benthic-biomass environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
E. Isla S. Rossi A. Palanques J.-M. Gili D. Gerdes W. Arntz 《Journal of Marine Systems》2006,60(3-4):255-267
Within the SCAR's international EASIZ programme, as part of the benthic–pelagic coupling experiment, grain size and organic matter contents in marine surface sediment were measured. Samples were taken during the austral autumn of 2000 from 3 regions in the eastern Weddell Sea: Kapp Norvegia, Four Seasons Bank, and Austasen.In general, sediments were fine sand with a grain size fraction < 200 μm representing more than 40% of the total weight. The sediments from Four Seasons Bank (64 to 107 m depth) were coarser than those from Austasen and Kapp Norvegia (209 to 480 m depth), presumably due to winnowing of fine sediment at shallow depths. Organic carbon (OC) content ranged from 0.25% to 1.2% and constituted 10% to 97% of the total carbon. The samples from Kapp Norvegia presented the highest OC values. Overall, protein (PRT), lipid (LPD), and carbohydrate (CHO) contents were similar to those in sediment from cold regions (e.g., the North Atlantic and the Ross Sea) but higher than those in sediment from other Antarctic and more septentrional regions (e.g., the Ross Sea and the Mediterranean). The difference within the Antarctic is explained through the local conditions in Terra Nova Bay and Kapp Norvegia. In the Antarctic, PRT and LPD carbon were the main contributors to the biopolymeric carbon (BPC). In the eastern Weddell Sea shelf, the BPC accounted for more than 90% of the OC in most of the samples. More than 82% of the total PRT, LPD, and CHO were present in the fraction < 200 μm. This work remarks the existence of sediments with a high nutritional value persistent several weeks after the spring–summer pulse of fresh organic matter. It is also highlighted the high potential availability of these sediments (due to its grain size) for the benthic communities inhabiting this high-latitude continental shelf. 相似文献
975.
12月6日,作为亚洲最具权威的海事展览会,第13届中国国际海事展览会在上海新国际博览中心隆重开幕!虽然最近上海气温骤降,但两年一届的中国国际海事展览会依然吸引了来自全球海事业界的众多人士,大家齐聚上海,现场气氛火爆。[编者按] 相似文献
976.
Ramon Terrado Connie Lovejoy Ramon Massana Warwick F. Vincent 《Journal of Marine Systems》2008,74(3-4):964
We measured the abundance and biomass of phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes in the upper mixed layer of the water column in ice-covered Franklin Bay, Beaufort Sea, Canada, from December 2003 to May 2004, and evaluated the influence of light and nutrients on these communities by way of a shipboard enrichment experiment. Bacterial cell concentrations showed no consistent trends throughout the sampling period, averaging (± SD) 2.4 (0.9) × 108 cells L− 1; integrated bacterial biomass for the upper mixed layer ranged from 1.33 mg C m− 3 to 3.60 mg C m− 3. Small cells numerically dominated the heterotrophic protist community in both winter and spring, but in terms of biomass, protists with a diameter > 10 µm generally dominated the standing stocks. Heterotrophic protist biomass integrated over the upper mixed layer ranged from 1.23 mg C m− 3 to 6.56 mg C m− 3. Phytoplankton biomass was low and variable, but persisted during the winter period. The standing stock of pigment-containing protists ranged from a minimum value of 0.38 mg C m− 3 in winter to a maximal value of 6.09 mg C m− 3 in spring and the most abundant taxa were Micromonas-like cells. These picoprasinophytes began to increase under the ice in February and their population size was positively correlated with surface irradiance. Despite the continuing presence of sea ice, phytoplankton biomass rose by more than an order of magnitude in the upper mixed layer by May. The shipboard experiment in April showed that this phototrophic increase in the community was not responsive to pulsed nutrient enrichment, with all treatments showing a strong growth response to improved irradiance conditions. Molecular (DGGE) and microscopic analyses indicated that most components of the eukaryotic community responded positively to the light treatment. These results show the persistence of a phototrophic inoculum throughout winter darkness, and the strong seasonal response by arctic microbial food webs to sub-ice irradiance in early spring. 相似文献
977.
The European Community has provided valuable support to short sea shipping through various programs and legislation. This
paper analyses the situation while focusing on the Mediterranean Sea and suggests solutions for addressing the short sea shipping
problems in this special region. The biggest challenge for all sides in the comingyears will be the replacement of the existing
fleet. The study presented herein gives an insightful and collective picture of the situation, while focusing on the Greek
owned short sea vessels. 相似文献
978.
Based on high resolution current and salinity measurements from the Flinten and Drogden Channels, this paper assesses the relative importance of major Baltic inflows on ‘everyday' flow conditions of highly saline water (S>17 PSU) through the Öresund for a period of 43 months. During years with no major Baltic inflows, 1994–1996, it is found that the Öresund on average supplies 1.2 Peta-grams (Pg) of salt net/year to the Baltic, while inflow above 17 PSU is in the order of 2.3 to 4.0 Pg/year. Sixty percent of this inflow is in the salinity range 17–23 PSU; the remainder has a higher salinity. It is, thus, concluded that normal and regularly occurring flow in the Öresund plays a much larger role in supplying salt to the Baltic than is usually assumed. 相似文献
979.
Downward fluxes of organic biodeposits under suspended mussel culture cause benthic impacts such as microbial mat production. Quantifying sediment erosion in these coastal ecosystems is important for understanding how fluxes of organic matter and particulates contribute to benthic–pelagic coupling. Critical shear velocity (u?), erosion rates and particle size distributions of resuspended sediment were measured at two sites; an impacted muddy site with extensive mussel culture (site 1), and a coarser sandier site with less mussel influence (site 2), using a new method for assessing sediment erosion at Tracadie Bay, Prince Edward Island in August 2003. Shear forces were generated by vertically oscillating a perforated disc at controlled frequencies. These forces correspond to shear velocity, using a re-designed and calibrated Particle Erosion Simulator. Undisturbed sediment cores obtained by divers and grab (sub-cored using a Plexiglas? cores) were exposed to shear stress to compare differences between collection methods. Microbial mats were present at site 1 which initially biostabilized sediment against erosion due to ‘armoring’ of the sediment, but onset of erosion was abrupt once these mats failed. Erosion sequences at site 2 (without mat cover) were smoother resulting in less material being eroded. Mean mass of material eroded was 47 and 23 g m? 2 min? 1 at sites 1 and 2 respectively. Mat area cover and shear velocity was strongly related. Critical shear velocities varied between 1.70 and 1.77 cm s? 1, with no obvious differences between location or collection method, so sediments from these two contrasting sites had identical mean critical shear velocities. Significant differences existed in the concentrations of chlorophyll a, colloidal and bulk carbohydrates, between mats and bare sediment from site 1. Particle sizes measured by videography of resuspended sediment at different shear velocities ranged from 100 μm (the minimum diameter capable of being detected by the system), to large mat fragments of 1700 μm for both sites. These results provide evidence of the relevance of using a portable erosion device to indicate how sediment erodability is affected by mussel–microbial relationships. 相似文献
980.
铁建设函号 《铁路工程造价管理》2008,23(2):39-39
各铁路局、集装箱、投资公司,各铁路公司(筹备组):
现发布铁路工程建设2007年度辅助材料价差系数(见附件),作为以铁道部《铁路基本建设工程设计概(预)算编制办法》(铁建设[2006]113号,以下简称“113号文”)、《铁路工程建设材料基期价格(2005年度)》(铁建设[2006]129号,以下简称“129号文”)为依据编制工程设计概(预)算时,将辅助材料价格由基期年(2005年)调整到编制年(2007年)的依据。 相似文献