The experience of express coach deregulation in Great Britain

This paper reviews the effect of express coach deregulation in Britain following the Transport Act 1980. The authors have monitored the range of services offered before and after the Act, using operators' literature, roadside surveys, on-vehicle passenger interviews and interviews with operators as sources of information. These are used to present an overall picture of express deregulation, with particular reference to changes in real fare levels, and also the relative importance of competition within the coach industry compared with that of inter-modal competition (that between coach and rail). The latter has emerged as more significant.The greater part of the paper is devoted to analysis of the long-distance market but the development of commuter coach services into central London is also examined, together with the reasons why independent operators have secured a larger share of this market.     

Microscopic decision model for pedestrian route choice at signalized crosswalks

In this paper, two‐tier mathematical models were developed to simulate the microscopic pedestrian decision‐making process of route choice at signalized crosswalks. In the first tier, a discrete choice model was proposed to predict the choices of walking direction. In the second tier, an exponential model was calibrated to determine the step size in the chosen direction. First, a utility function was defined in the first‐tier model to describe the change of utility in response to deviation from a pedestrian's target direction and the conflicting effects of neighboring pedestrians. A mixed logit model was adopted to estimate the effects of the explanatory variables on the pedestrians' decisions. Compared with the standard multinomial logit model, it was shown that the mixed logit model could accommodate the heterogeneity. The repeated observations for each pedestrian were grouped as panel data to ensure that the parameters remained constant for individual pedestrians but varied among the pedestrians. The mixed logit model with panel data was found to effectively address inter‐pedestrian heterogeneity and resulted in a better fit than the standard multinomial logit model. Second, an exponential model in the second tier was proposed to further determine the step size of individual pedestrians in the chosen direction; it indicates the change in walking speed in response to the presence of other pedestrians. Finally, validation was conducted on an independent set of observation data in Hong Kong. The pedestrians' routes and destinations were predicted with the two‐tier models. Compared with the tracked trajectories, the average error between the predicted destinations and the observed destinations was within an acceptable margin. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient solution algorithm for finding spatially dependent reliable shortest path in road networks

Travel times are generally stochastic and spatially correlated in congested road networks. However, very few existing route guidance systems (RGS) can provide reliable guidance services to aid travellers planning their trips with taking account explicitly travel time reliability constraint. This study aims to develop such a RGS with particular consideration of travellers' concern on travel time reliability in congested road networks with uncertainty. In this study, the spatially dependent reliable shortest path problem (SD‐RSPP) is formulated as a multi‐criteria shortest path‐finding problem in road networks with correlated link travel times. Three effective dominance conditions are established for links with different levels of travel time correlations. An efficient algorithm is proposed to solve SD‐RSPP by adaptively using three established dominance conditions. The complexities of road networks in reality are also explicitly considered. To demonstrate the applicability of proposed algorithm, a comprehensive case study is carried out in Hong Kong. The results of case study show that the proposed solution algorithm is robust to take account of travellers' multiple routing criteria. Computational results demonstrate that the proposed solution algorithm can determine the reliable shortest path on real‐time basis for large‐scale road networks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Forced Steering of Rail Vehicles: Stability and Curving Mechanics

A forced steering rail vehicle employs linkages between.the carbody and wheelsets to force a more radial wheelset alignment. It is shown that the curve negotiation capability of forced steering trucks is significantly improved over conventional and self steering radial trucks. Parametric curves are presented showing angle-of-attack and lateral flange force as a function of steering gain parameters and truck bending stiffness. It is also shown that the forced steering concept can produce kinematic instability and severely reduced critical speeds for low conicities and creep coefficients. Analytic expressions are derived that illustrate how these kinematic instabilities can be avoided.     

Dynamical Analysis of a Simple Vehicle on a Periodic Guideway

The dominant vertical motions of a simple vehicle traveling on a flexible periodic guideway is investigated. The mathematical model leads to a state equation with periodic coefficients and periodically jumping states. The aim of the paper is the dynamic analysis of the vehicle-guideway system with respect to stability, guideway deflections and vehicle accelerations. As alternative to the common simulation technique, the analytical solution based on Floquet theory is applied. Both methods are implemented in a computer program and used to perform a detailed parameter study which shows the dependence of the dynamical system behavior on the nondimensional system parameters.     

Dynamic Response of a Six-axle Locomotive to Random Track Inputs

Spectral analysis techniques are employed to analyze the dynamic response of a six-axle locomotive on tangent track to vertical and lateral random track irregularities. The locomotive is represented by a thirty-nine (39) degrees of freedom model. A linear model is employed by considering small displacements, linear suspension elements and a linear theory for the wheel-rail interaction. Power spectral densities of displacements, velocities and accelerations and the statistical average frequencies of the system are obtained for each degree of freedom. Comparison of the calculated dominating frequencies with existing experimental values shows good agreement. The technique of spectral analysis is an effective tool for model validation, and for the determination of rail vehicle response to track irregularities. The probability functions for the response can be used as a measure for the ride quality of rail vehicles and for the study of fatigue damage of components.     

An Operational Research Approach to Shipping

This paper shows how the Operational Research approach can be used in the shipping industry to obtain effective savings. The approach is by way of a recent study to determine an optimal drydock policy in which the principal criterion was to minimize the total cost of operation. Additional areas, indicating the range of studies carried out in the marine field, are also mentioned.     

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近年来，一些大城市通过修建大量的道路来缓解交通拥堵的压力，但这种做法却导致更多的车辆使用道路，从而加剧了交通拥堵，造成空气质量下降，资源浪费严重。为解决这些问题，一些城市已经开始或者计划构建以轨道交通主体，轻轨交通或者其他交通方式为补充的交通体系，以增强路网的流动性和可达性。本文从城市流动性和可持续发展的角度，对已有的和新型的轻型交通系统做综述。旨在为交通规划人员进行可持续发展交通运输系统的规划等工作提供参考。     

MODULATION OF A δ－AND C－FIBER EVOKED RESPONSES OF NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS IN THE SUPERFICIAL AND THE DEEPER DORSAL HORN OF THE ME

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OPIOIDS MODULATE NMDA－EVOKED RESPONSES OF NEURONS IN THE SUPERFICIAL AND THE DEEPER DORSAL HORN OF THE MEDULLA

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