Optimal design of three-planetary-gear power-split hybrid powertrains

Many of today’s power-split hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) utilize planetary gears (PGs) to connect the powertrain elements together. Recent power-split HEVs tend to use two PGs and some of them have multiple modes to achieve better fuel economy and driving performance. Looking to the future, hybrid powertrain technologies must be enhanced to design hybrid light trucks. For light trucks, the need for multi-mode and more PGs is stronger, to achieve the required performance. To systematically explore all the possible designs of multi-mode HEVs with three PGs, an efficient searching and optimization methodology is proposed. All possible clutch topology and modes for one existing configuration that uses three PGs were exhaustively searched. The launching performance is first used to screen out designs that fail to satisfy the required launching performance. A near-optimal and computationally efficient energy management strategy was then employed to identify designs that achieve good fuel economy. The proposed design process successfully identify 8 designs that achieve better launching performance and better fuel economy, while using fewer number of clutches than the benchmark and a patented design.     

Novel stability control strategy for distributed drive electric vehicle based on driver operation intention

In this paper, a novel direct yaw control method based on driver operation intention for stability control of a distributed drive electric vehicle is proposed. It was discovered that the vehicle loses its stability easily under an emergency steering alignment (EA) problem. An emergent control algorithm is proposed to improve vehicle stability under such a condition. A driver operation intention recognition module is developed to identify the driving conditions. When the vehicle enters into an EA condition, the module can quickly identify it and transfer the control method from normal direct yaw control to emergency control. Two control algorithms are designed. The emergency control algorithm is applied to an EA condition while the adaptive control algorithm is applied to other conditions except the EA condition. Both simulation results and real vehicle results show that: The driver module can accurately identify driving conditions based on driver operation intention. When the vehicle enters into EA condition, the emergent control algorithm can intervene quickly, and it has proven to outperform normal direct yaw control for better stabilization of vehicles.     

Finite element damage analysis of an underwater glider–ship collision

Underwater gliders, which are profiling autonomous underwater vehicles designed to make oceanographic measurements, are increasingly used in the coastal ocean. As they regularly surface for data transmission, gliders increasingly pose a risk for fast ships. In order to estimate the extent of damage due to collision, 3D finite element simulations of collisions between a glider and a high-speed craft with a glass-fiber reinforced plastic hull are performed. Different collision scenarios such as impact locations, angles of attack and speeds are examined. The results are compared to an analytical solution based on simplifying assumptions. Although both methods reveal consistent results, it is shown that finite element simulations are required to account for the 3D shape of the ship. The results indicate that at ship velocities exceeding 7.5 m/s (14.6 kt) the glider penetrates the ship’s hull causing severe damage to its structure.     

特殊分段的精度控制方法探讨

在明确了分段精度控制意义及概念的前提下,对分段精度控制计划和精度控制管理过程作了详细分析,并制定相应的控制方法。首先针对舵臂分段,根据其尾部曲率较大以及不规则性,依据挂舵垂直性控制其精度;然后针对尾轴分段,根据同心度和尾轴管的定位控制该分段的精度;再针对主基座分段,主要根据基座面板水平度来控制该分段的精度;最后总结出典型分段精度控制方法。     

C型独立液货舱开孔处结构强度分析与研究

C型独立液货舱开孔区域的强度对整个液货舱围护系统的安全性至关重要。根据压力容器规范计算方法对罐体上气室处开孔及气室封头上的接管处开孔进行强度校核,并提出补强设计方案;通过有限元计算方法对补强方案进行验证与研究。结果表明,气室处开孔应力水平较高,通过设置复板及增加气室筒体板厚的方式能最有效改善该区域的强度。     

Transit service quality analysis using cluster analysis and decision trees: a step forward to personalized marketing in public transportation

A transit service quality study based on cluster analysis was performed to extract detailed customer profiles sharing similar appraisals concerning the service. This approach made it possible to detect specific requirements and needs regarding the quality of service and to personalize the marketing strategy. Data from various customer satisfaction surveys conducted by the Transport Consortium of Granada (Spain) were analyzed to distinguish these groups; a decision tree methodology was used to identify the most important service quality attributes influencing passengers’ overall evaluations. Cluster analysis identified four groups of passengers. Comparisons using decision trees among the overall sample of all users and the different groups of passengers identified by cluster analysis led to the discovery of differences in the key attributes encompassed by perceived quality.     

列车空气制动均衡速度的局部稳定性

为了研究空气制动工况下列车均衡速度的稳定性,分析了列车均衡速度与单位合力函数单调性的关系.当单位合力函数单调递减时,列车均衡速度稳定,否则,其均衡速度不稳定.因此,在空气制动工况下,单位合力函数在部分速度区间单调递减,均衡速度存在局部稳定性,并采用二分法计算了均衡速度稳定的速度区间.以SS4型机车牵引中磷闸瓦空货车为例,列车运行限速和制动初速度为100 km/h,其临界速度为53.5 km/h,当列车速度为53.5~100 km/h时,空气制动下均衡速度是稳定的.     

Modeling and simulation of a dual-mode electrohydraulic fully variable valve train for four-stroke engines

In modern four-stroke automotive engine technology, variable valve timing and lift control offer potential benefits for making a high-performance engine. In this paper, a novel design named dual-mode electrohydraulic fully variable valve train (EHFVVT) for both engine intake and exhaust valves is introduced. The system is mainly controlled by either proportional flow control valves or proportional pressure relief valves, and hence two different families of valve displacement patterns can be achieved. The construction of the mathematical model of the valve train system and its dynamic analysis are also presented in this paper. Experimental and simulation results show that the dual-mode electrohydraulic variable valve train can achieve fully variable valve timing and lift control, and has the potential to eliminate the traditional throttle valve in the gasoline engines. With the proposed system, the engine performance at various speeds and loads will be significantly improved.     

KCNE2蛋白在自发性高血压大鼠心脏组织中的分布和表达

目的研究KCNE2蛋白在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心脏不同部位的分布和表达差异,及鼠龄对其表达水平的影响。方法提取幼龄和高龄SHR心肌不同部位(心室、室隔膜和心房)组织的膜蛋白,利用Western印迹技术和图象分析方法,比较KCNE2蛋白在样品之间免疫强度差异。结果SHR心肌不同部位组织中均有KCNE2蛋白的分布;同龄大鼠心肌不同部位组织中KCNE2蛋白的表达均无显著性差异;但在高龄大鼠的右心室和室隔膜组织中,KCNE2蛋白的表达显著高于其在幼龄大鼠相同组织中的表达。结论KCNE2蛋白在SHR心脏不同部位均有分布;在高龄大鼠右心室和室隔膜组织中,KCNE2蛋白的表达水平均高于其在幼龄大鼠同一组织中的表达。     

西安市城区绝经后妇女骨密度与女性生理因素的相关性

目的探讨绝经后妇女女性生理因素与腰椎、髋部骨密度的关系。方法对西安市城区281名绝经后妇女进行了女性生理因素的流行病学调查,并测定了腰椎、髋部骨密度。结果相关分析显示年龄、绝经年限、生育活产子女数和骨密度均呈显著负相关(P<0.01),而行经年限、身高、体重及体重指数(BMI)和骨密度均呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。比较骨质疏松组、骨量减少组和骨量正常组,年龄、绝经年限、生育活产子女数等,骨质疏松组明显高于骨量减少组和正常组(P<0.05);而平均每次月经持续天数、行经年限、身高、体重、BMI等,骨质疏松组明显低于骨量减少组和正常组(P<0.05)。结论西安市城区绝经后妇女的年龄、行经年限、绝经年限、生育活产子女数、身高、体重和BMI等与其腰椎和髋部的骨密度有明显的相关性。