郑州市客运交通结构发展研究

城市客运交通结构发展模式的研究是城市战略规划的核心问题之一，不同的客运交通结构的运行效率、能源消耗、道路资源的占有以及对环境的影响程度等都是截然不同的，同时它还影响着城市的布局形态与城市的活力。     

船舶过弯道所需航宽建模

船舶通过弯曲航道所需航宽的计算对于安全生产具有十分重要的意义．根据叠加原理，分别计算出在无风流情况下过弯道所需航宽、流致漂移量、风致漂移量、偏航量。然后相互叠加得到有风流情况下船舶通过弯道所需航宽．     

轴瓦套张开位移的有限元计算

汽轮机在运行过程中,轴推压轴瓦套,使轴瓦套中产生应力和应变,在上下轴瓦套之间产生的一定的张开量.采用ABAQUS软件,建立有限元物理模型,对实际工况进行仿真,计算出上下轴瓦套之间的张开量,并进行应力分析,确定该工况下所产生的张开量是符合要求的.在建立有限元模型过程中,充分考虑轴瓦与轴、轴瓦与螺栓以及上下轴瓦套之间的接触效应,螺栓的联接和螺栓预紧力的作用.     

化学成分对亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢车体板材均匀变形及加工硬化行为的影响

基于化学成分对奥氏体不锈钢稳定性和层错能的影响,通过对2 mm厚的冷轧、退火态的304不锈钢板材试样及2种不同标准的301LN不锈钢板材试样在应变速率为3×10~(-4)/s的拉伸实验和应变诱导α′-马氏体转变量的分析测定,研究化学成分对奥氏体不锈钢应变诱导α′-马氏体相变及均匀塑性变形和加工硬化行为的影响,分析冷轧对稳定性和层错能不同的奥氏体不锈钢变形行为的影响.结果表明:随镍当量、层错能和稳定性的增加,拉伸过程中的应变诱导α′-马氏体转变开始的应变量增大,转变速度降低,转变量减小;两种化学成分不同、强度等级相同的301LN冷轧不锈钢板材试样的变形行为差异很大,冷轧预变形对其拉伸过程力学行为的影响也很大,304板材试样的亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢变形特征只在后期有所体现,但由于马氏体转变量少,流变应力相对较低.所得结论为制造不锈钢轻量车体选材和优化塑性成型工艺提供基础数据.     

生活线建设在铁路安全生产中的地位和作用

结合2008年西安铁路局管内自然灾害发生的实际,对生活线建设的地位进行论述,阐述生活线建设在运输安全生产中的作用,认为生活线建设工作是改善职工居住条件,激发职工工作热情,体现以人为本,实现铁路科学发展、和谐发展的具体体现,对铁路安全生产具有重要作用。     

Implications of path tolerance and path characteristics on critical vehicle manoeuvres

Path planning and path following are core components in safe autonomous driving. Typically, a path planner provides a path with some tolerance on how tightly the path should be followed. Based on that, and other path characteristics, for example, sharpness of curves, a speed profile needs to be assigned so that the vehicle can stay within the given tolerance without going unnecessarily slow. Here, such trajectory planning is based on optimal control formulations where critical cases arise as on-the-limit solutions. The study focuses on heavy commercial vehicles, causing rollover to be of a major concern, due to the relatively high centre of gravity. Several results are obtained on required model complexity depending on path characteristics, for example, quantification of required path tolerance for a simple model to be sufficient, quantification of when yaw inertia needs to be considered in more detail, and how the curvature rate of change interplays with available friction. Overall, in situations where the vehicle is subject to a wide range of driving conditions, from good transport roads to more tricky avoidance manoeuvres, the requirements on the path following will vary. For this, the provided results form a basis for real-time path following.     

Gain scheduled linear quadratic tracking system tuned optimally by covariance matrix adaption evolutionary strategy for automotive engine coldstart control

In this paper, a gain scheduled linear quadratic tracking system (LQTS) tuned optimally by an evolutionary strategy (ES) is devised to reduce the total tailpipe hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of an automotive engine over the coldstart period. As the engine’s behavior during coldstart operations is nonlinear, the system dynamics is clearly analyzed and represented by a number of separate linear models generated based on a coldstart model verified by experimental data. An independent LQTS is then implemented for each of these linear models. In this way, several control laws are created, and the corresponding gains are calculated for each of the independent control laws. ES is then used to tune the adjustable parameters of LQTSs to calculate the control inputs, namely air/fuel ratio (AFR) and spark timing (Δ), such that the resulting exhaust gas temperature (T _exh) and engine-out HC emissions (HC _raw) be close to a set of optimum profiles. This enables the controller reduce the cumulative tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions (HC _cum) to the highest possible extent. To demonstrate the acceptable performance of the proposed controller, an optimal controller derived from the Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) is also taken into account. Based on the results of the conducted comparative study, it is shown that the proposed control technique has a very good performance, and also, can be easily used for real-time applications, as it consumes a remarkably trivial computational time for calculating the controlling commands.     

C型独立液货舱开孔处结构强度分析与研究

C型独立液货舱开孔区域的强度对整个液货舱围护系统的安全性至关重要。根据压力容器规范计算方法对罐体上气室处开孔及气室封头上的接管处开孔进行强度校核,并提出补强设计方案;通过有限元计算方法对补强方案进行验证与研究。结果表明,气室处开孔应力水平较高,通过设置复板及增加气室筒体板厚的方式能最有效改善该区域的强度。     

列车空气制动均衡速度的局部稳定性

为了研究空气制动工况下列车均衡速度的稳定性,分析了列车均衡速度与单位合力函数单调性的关系.当单位合力函数单调递减时,列车均衡速度稳定,否则,其均衡速度不稳定.因此,在空气制动工况下,单位合力函数在部分速度区间单调递减,均衡速度存在局部稳定性,并采用二分法计算了均衡速度稳定的速度区间.以SS4型机车牵引中磷闸瓦空货车为例,列车运行限速和制动初速度为100 km/h,其临界速度为53.5 km/h,当列车速度为53.5~100 km/h时,空气制动下均衡速度是稳定的.     

Explaining obesity with urban form: a cautionary tale

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in studies exploring associations between the built environment and obesity. Many studies have found that built environment characteristics, such as high-density land developments, mixed-land uses, and connected street networks, are associated with lower rates of obesity. However, depending on the research field and the researcher, how one specifies the experimental model and how sociodemographic characteristics of the population are defined and included in the model has led to different policy conclusions and implications. This is not a surprising observation; however, it is one that does seem to have been lost in current discussions. This article highlights several data-processing, model-specification, and model-estimation factors that should be comprehensively considered in studies of the built environment and obesity. Empirical results based on data from Atlanta, GA, USA, illustrate that the association between the built environment and obesity is sensitive to how age, income, and educational attainment are included in the model. Also, a detailed examination of land-use-mix measures shows that it is difficult to create this measure and that results are sensitive to the treatment of missing values. Models that distinguish between overweight and obese individuals are shown to provide richer insights into the associations among obesity, built environment, and sociodemographic characteristics for the Atlanta area. The article concludes by offering modeling recommendations for future studies.