变压器保护方法的发展

介绍了用于电力变压器保护的数字继电器的发展及其应用技术和原理,简述了变压器保护的传统方法,重点介绍了人工神经网络(ANN)和模糊逻辑概念等最新技术及其涉及的技术成果.     

电力电子装置在混合电动汽车中的应用

混合电动汽车由于其性能和经济上的优势,比纯电动汽车得到更多的用户认可.现在全球两大汽车公司在世界上大多数地区销售的混合电动汽车累计超过12万辆.尽管纯电动汽车在道路运输和短途交通中可得到适当应用,但与非混合的汽车相比,混合电动汽车非常实用,燃料可节省5%～50%,甚至更多.现在由于交流传动使用寿命长,易于采用电力电子控制,它普遍用于混合动力系.但是,因为汽车推进系统独特的应用要求,目前的交流传动还难以满足整个驱动系统性能要求,且达不装置的体积目标.所以,目前混合动力系仍然使用容量过大的电机或电力电子装置的交流传动.本文基于这样的前提:解决混合电动汽车交流传动的宽恒功速比(CPSR)和整体性能最经济的办法是建立在电力电子装置基础上的.文章主要介绍变速装置方面的现状,以及为了提供与客运汽车更好匹配的交流传动装置正在作哪些努力.     

An overview of biodiesel in Asian countries and the harmonization of quality standards

Recently, biofuels have been actively introduced as transportation fuels in Asian countries. Common drivers to use biofuels are energy security, fuel diversification, and the reduction of greenhouse gases. In addition, some Southeastern Asian countries look forward to utilizing the abundant agricultural resources and providing stability for farmers. However, a compromised quality of biofuels could cause vehicle trouble, which is why the quality standard of the fuels is very important. On the other hand, the quality standard of biofuels differs from country to country and could cause vehicle trouble in some countries and not others. These differing standards may become an obstacle to trade. In this situation, the harmonization of the biodiesel standards in the East Asia Summit (EAS) region has been initiated by the ERIA biodiesel working group, in which members are the specialists from each country. This review summarizes the introduction of biofuels in this region and the recent activities regarding the harmonization of the fuel quality standard. Important background for this review is based on the results of the ERIA biodiesel working group meeting.     

Designing a non-linear tracking controller for vehicle active suspension systems using an optimization process

In this paper, a new non-linear tracking controller for vehicle active suspension systems is analytically designed using an optimization process. The proposed scheme employs a realistic non-linear quarter-car model, which is composed of a hardening spring and a quadratic damping force. The control input is the external active suspension force and is determined by minimizing a performance index defined as a weighted combination of conflicting objectives, namely ride quality, handling performance and control energy. A linear skyhook model with standard parameters is used as the reference model to be tracked by the controller. The robustness of the proposed controller in the presence of modeling uncertainties is investigated. The performed analysis and the simulation results indicate that both vehicle ride comfort and handling performance can be improved using the minimum external force when the proposed non-linear controller is engaged with the model. Meanwhile, a compromise between different objectives and control energy can easily be made by regulating their respective weighting factors, which are the free parameters of the control law.     

Robust design optimization of suspension system by using target cascading method

This study presents the robust design optimization process of suspension system for improving vehicle dynamic performance (ride comfort, handling stability). The proposed design method is so called target cascading method where the design target of the system is cascaded from a vehicle level to a suspension system level. To formalize the proposed method in the view of design process, the design problem structure of suspension system is defined as a (hierarchical) multilevel design optimization, and the design problem for each level is solved using the robust design optimization technique based on a meta-model. Then, In order to verify the proposed design concept, it designed suspension system. For the vehicle level, 44 random variables with 3% of coefficient of variance (COV) were selected and the proposed design process solved the problem by using only 88 exact analyses that included 49 analyses for the initial meta-model and 39 analyses for SAO. For the suspension level, 54 random variables with 10% of COV were selected and the optimal designs solved the problem by using only 168 exact analyses for the front suspension system. Furthermore, 73 random variables with 10% of COV were selected and optimal designs solved the problem by using only 252 exact analyses for the rear suspension system. In order to compare the vehicle dynamic performance between the optimal design model and the initial design model, the ride comfort and the handling stability was analyzed and found to be improved by 16% and by 37%, respectively. This result proves that the suggested design method of suspension system is effective and systematic.     

PID plus fuzzy logic method for torque control in traction control system

A Traction Control System (TCS) is used to control the driving force of an engine to prevent excessive slip when a vehicle starts suddenly or accelerates. The torque control strategy determines the driving performance of the vehicle under various drive-slip conditions. This paper presents a new torque control method for various drive-slip conditions involving abrupt changes in the road friction. This method is based on a PID plus fuzzy logic controller for driving torque regulation, which consists of a PID controller and a fuzzy logic controller. The PID controller is the fundamental component that calculates the elementary torque for traction control. In addition, the fuzzy logic controller is the compensating component that compensates for the abrupt change in the road friction. The simulation results and the experimental vehicle tests have validated that the proposed controller is effective and robust. Compared with conventional PID controllers, the driving performance under the proposed controller is greatly improved.     

Numerical investigation on the dynamic characteristics of an automotive A/C hose

The objective of this study is to investigate the dynamic deformation characteristics of an automotive A/C hose assembly using the finite element method and experimentation. The finite element analysis consisted of two analyses, specifically, a modal and a transient analysis. The dynamic modal analysis was conducted to assess the dynamic characteristics of the A/C hose structure, and the dynamic transient analysis was performed to investigate the dynamic stresses of an automotive A/C hose by dynamic loading with particular emphasis on the reinforced braid. Furthermore, the analyses results are expected to provide useful reference data in the design optimization of the hose layout related to the constrained design space. Modal testing was undertaken to verify the FE model. The FE result was in good agreement with the experimental results. The modal analysis result showed that the bending and swing modes of the hose occurred in the first six natural frequencies. The dynamic transient result showed that the maximum stress in the hose components occurred in the reinforced braid layers, which are particularly damage-prone.     

Proximité aux infrastructures et croissance de l’emploi en ?le-de-France (1993–2008) : le r?le des transports à l’échelle intramétropolitaine

This article aims to analyze the role of proximity to transport infrastructures in employment growth within 291 municipalities located in the ?le-de-France region between 1993 and 2008. Based on the employment data from Unistatis, a multiple regression econometric model is estimated, first without variables describing proximity to infrastructure, and then integrating them in order to measure the gain in explanatory power. The results suggest that the role of infrastructure in employment growth rate is limited and varies according to economic sectors and network types.     

Non-linear dynamic simulation of gear response under the idling condition

A dynamic lumped-parameter gear model incorporating the effects of a time-varying and asymmetric mesh stiffness and a backlash nonlinearity is formulated to analyze the spur gear rattle response under the idling condition. The proposed theory assumes a rectangular time-varying mesh stiffness function. The phase shift between the mesh stiffness for forward and backward contacts is examined. Numerical studies are employed to examine the effects of engine torque fluctuations and tooth surface friction on the gear rattle response and the corresponding tooth impact behavior. Comparisons between the results from the time-invariant mesh stiffness model and the proposed time-varying mesh stiffness model reveal differences in the gear responses, especially when the mean rotational speed of the fluctuating gear pair is non-zero. The analysis reveals significant effects on the high frequency response components. However, the idling gear dynamics are relatively insensitive to tooth surface friction.     

Possible experimental method to determine the suspension parameters in a simplified model of a passenger car

Currently, as well as in the past, researchers have shown great interest in developing suspension systems for vehicles and especially in the design and optimization of the suspension parameters, such as the stiffness and the damping coefficient. These parameters are considered to be important factors that have an influence on safety and improve the comfort of the passengers in the vehicle. This paper describes a simplified methodology to determine, in a quick manner, the suspension parameters for different types of passenger cars equipped with passive suspension systems. Currently, different types of passenger cars are produced with different types of suspension systems. Finding a simplified methodology to determine these parameters with sufficient accuracy would contribute a simplified and quick method to the inspection of the working conditions of a suspension system. Therefore, a simple system to determine these parameters is needed. An analysis of the suspension parameters is performed using mathematical modeling and numerical analysis conducted using the Working Model software. The result derived from the developed methodology shows small errors when compared with the generic values, and it can be concluded that the design of the suspension parameter measurement device using the developed methodology is useful, simple, and has sufficient accuracy.