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471.
M.J. Smith 《Transportation Research Part B: Methodological》1983,17(5):365-371
The paper gives two user objective functions for the asymmetric assignment problem, and an algorithm of descent type. The algorithm produces a sequence of flows which converges to the set of equilibria if the cost-flow function is continuous. 相似文献
472.
Contained herein are the results of research which quantifies the effects that various existing and projected truck configurations have as live loadings upon bridges which currently exist on the National Bridge Inventory (NBI). The truck configurations were determined from those actual or proposed vehicles which exhibit the highest GVW and which either are causing or are perceived to cause the highest levels of overstress on bridge superstructure elements. In order to simulate most accurately the actual field conditions, a criterion was defined which contained three major requirements: 1) The bridges utilized within the study shall be defined as being a statistically significant sample and be actual bridges taken from the NBI; 2) The analysis method shall be consistent with those actually used by engineers in designing and rating bridges, and; 3) The criteria utilized in evaluating the various bridge structures under the defined loadings shall be consistent with current practices. The results obtained indicates the acceptability of various truck configurations by GVW, size, and axle deployments, by system for the different criteria now in use. 相似文献
473.
J. M. C. Holmes 《Journal of Marine Systems》1998,15(1-4)
Glannapontius maculatus gen. et sp. nov. is described from southwest Ireland. It is a typical example of a free-living siphonostomatoid copepod, and exhibits some intermediate features between the Asterocheridae and Artotrogidae. It is here placed in the Artotrogidae, based on an assessment of 120 morphological dichotomous characters measured on 11 species, and grouped using Average Linkage Cluster Analysis. 相似文献
474.
Application of a validated primary production model (BLOOM) as a screening tool for marine, coastal and transitional waters 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In order to manage aquatic systems, it is necessary to apply methods relating the environmental variables and system-state parameters with external factors that affect the system. External factors can be natural (i.e. the movement of water) or partly-anthropogenic (i.e. nutrient loads). In addition to the national authorities, who have been implementing environmental policies for several decades, the EU is presently implementing the Water Framework Directive (WFD) aimed at establishing a new set of standards for the ecological and water quality of water systems. Among these are the phytoplankton biomass and composition. Phytoplankton affects turbidity, oxygen depletion, total productivity of the system and the occurrence of (harmful) algal blooms. A range of methods is available to relate phytoplankton to the controlling environmental conditions. Among these are statistical relations for instance of the Vollenweider type as well as deterministic simulation models. At the end of the 1970s, a generic deterministic phytoplankton module called BLOOM was developed, which has since been applied to a wide range of fresh water and marine systems. Here we test the applicability of this model as a screening tool for coastal waters. We conclude that the model is able to reproduce observed chlorophyll levels adequately under a wide range of conditions. Subsequently the model is applied to demonstrate the potential impacts of reductions in nitrogen, phosphorus or both nutrients simultaneously. Depending on which factors are initially controlling, the impacts of these reductions vary considerably both between locations and during the season. While this type of application lacks explicit relations between nutrient concentrations and external loadings, it does consider a number of relevant conditions in a consistent way and requires remarkably little data and effort. It is therefore a valuable screening tool. 相似文献
475.
James M. Carson Staff Engineer Walter W. Wierwille Professor 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1978,7(4):233-253
Based on vehicle constraints and known human operator characteristics, a strategy model was postulated for describing behavior in the lane keeping task. This model includes nonlinear thresholds operating on vehicle yaw and lateral translation, random input sources to account for spurious driver activity, and smoothing to account for driver response lag. The output of the model is steering wheel position
To determine model parameters and model suitability in describing driver behavior, recordings were made for driver-subjects performing a lane-keeping task in a moving base driving simulator having a computer generated display. A procedure involving both analytic and experimental techniques was then developed for determining the model parameters of each driver
Statistical comparisons and visual inspections made between driver-vehicle and model-vehicle time histories indicate a high degree of correspondence. Models such as these show promise in obtaining a better understanding of driver behavior and driver-vehicle response by incorporating nonlinear elements in the driver model. 相似文献
To determine model parameters and model suitability in describing driver behavior, recordings were made for driver-subjects performing a lane-keeping task in a moving base driving simulator having a computer generated display. A procedure involving both analytic and experimental techniques was then developed for determining the model parameters of each driver
Statistical comparisons and visual inspections made between driver-vehicle and model-vehicle time histories indicate a high degree of correspondence. Models such as these show promise in obtaining a better understanding of driver behavior and driver-vehicle response by incorporating nonlinear elements in the driver model. 相似文献
476.
477.
Evidence of the inability of transport models to elucidate policy is cited and reasons for this weakness are then suggested.Attention is drawn to the fundamental changes in both opinion and policy currently taking place. There is less concern with accessibility per se and rather more concern with the provision of adequate or minimum accessibility for certain social groups. More emphasis is placed also on the environmental aspects of transportation.The implications of these changes are outlined. It is not at all clear that the need to adapt and up-date models is appreciated widely enough. Finally, it is considered whether fundamental changes in methodology may help to make transport models more responsive to policy needs. 相似文献
478.
M. M. Elmadany M. A. Dokainish A. B. Allan 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1979,8(4):287-316
This paper presents a review of the available literature describing the methods of modelling the vibrational response of articulated vehicles to the road inputs at the tire contact points. It states and discusses the mathematical techniques that have been put forward for obtaining road input characteristics, for modelling the vehicles in a range of degrees of freedom, and for performing the analysis necessary to obtain the vibrational response. Finally the indices that have been proposed for ride comfort and ride safety are given and the manner in which various researchers relate these to the vibrational characteristics of the vehicles is described. 相似文献
479.
Analytical Tire Models for Dynamic Vehicle Simulation 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
K. M. Captain Manager A. B. Boghani Program Manager D. N. Wormley Professor of Mechanical Engineering 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1979,8(1):1-32
Four basic tire models suitable for dynamic vehicle simulation are formulated. The models are compared through a six-degree-of-freedom nonlinear simulation of a cargo truck crossing rough ground. Guidelines are developed for the selection of an optimum tire model for a given dynamic vehicle simulation. 相似文献
480.
This paper moves beyond traditional models of car ownership in that we propose a framework for modeling household-level decisions
to acquire specific types and numbers of mobility tools to fulfill the mobility needs of household members. The framework
is applied to a data set collected during the winter and spring of 2000/2001 in the German city Karlsruhe via an interactive
web-based stated response survey in which respondents could optimize their household mobility tool sets through on-line feedback
concerning the estimated costs of the sets. In our analysis, bivariate ordered probit models are estimated for three combinations
of mobility tools: season tickets (i.e., transit passes) and cars, season tickets and small cars and season tickets and large
cars. In all instances, strong substitution effects are found – that is, as the number of season tickets increases, the number
of cars decreases. This finding underscores the need to move beyond simple models of car ownership to comprehensive models
of mobility tool ownership. As demonstrated by our research, failure to do so is likely to lead to biased results. 相似文献