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51.
The greatest source of human-related mortality for endangered Florida manatees is collisions with watercraft. Regulation of boat speeds is the principal management tool to minimize this threat. Demands on law enforcement limit their ability to monitor boater behavior and managers seek alternative strategies to increase compliance. The purposes of this study were to: (1) explore the effectiveness of an on-site sign to enhance boater compliance in a boating speed zone, and (2) examine the environmental and boating characteristics that influence the probability of compliance. Signs designed to increase compliance were posted halfway through the 18-week study period. The signs were not related to compliance level. Logistic regression models showed that only time of day and boat type were significantly related to compliance. Results suggest that passive methods of persuasion may not be an effective means of influencing boater behavior. 相似文献
52.
This paper seeks to determine the effects of uncertainty in out-of-vehicle times on route choice. Data were collected at two key interchanges in Auckland, New Zealand. Previous work modelled the data using a manual approach to fuzzy logic. This study extends that work by automating the process through defining a black-box function to match the survey data, then employing a genetic algorithm to fine-tune the fuzzy logic model. Results show that automation and the genetic algorithm improve the model’s capability to more accurately predict ridership. The tuning of the membership functions is conducted twice, first using initial fuzzy rules and again after the fuzzy rules have been adjusted to reduce disparity between the output and survey data. The calibrated membership functions provided for operational (transfer waiting and walking time and delay) and physical attributes (safety and seat availability) can be used by practitioners to determine an estimated ridership. 相似文献
53.
H. Thiel K.-O. Kirstein C. Luth U. Luth G. Luther L.-A. Meyer-Reil O. Pfannkuche M. Weydert 《Journal of Marine Systems》1994,4(6)
For over thirty years man has studied “outer space” and installed satellites which watch the surface of the Earth. The great depths of the world ocean are, however, practically unknown and there is an urgent need to put abyssal benthic laboratories into “inner space” in order to study basic phenomena of interest to marine science and climatology as well as man's impact on the oceans.In view of the numerous problems related to global change, as a first step emphasis should first be on the role of the oceans and their inherent processes, which are the focus of such international programmes as the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). Multi-disciplinary registration of key events at selected key sites investigating the variability in time and space are of the utmost importance. The same methods and techniques must be used for the study of human impacts on the deep oceans caused by mining of metalliferous resources and by waste disposal as well as in basic studies. However, the investigation of the inner space of our planet has certain requirements. As long-term and large-scale investigations become more and more important, development of automized systems, largely independent from research vessels will be required. This will demand high capacities of energy for all technical functions as well as high storage capacities for data and samples. As a consequence the needs for two different—although overlapping—functional approaches are defined for future deep-sea deployments.(A) A system for long-term registration of the natural variability and long-term monitoring of human impacts: (B) A system for short-term observations and short-time experimentations. This report summarizes their technological demands. The envisioned interdisciplinary technology should deliver information on physical, biological and geochemical processes and their variabilities in the deep oceans. The prospected systems need to have the ability for real time video observation, data transfer and experimental manipulation, as well as sensing and sampling facilities with large storage capacities for long-term deployments.Prospective costs of the described multipurpose abyssal benthic laboratory will presumably exceed the funds for deep-sea research of a single country. A joint European effort could solve this problem and help to manifest a leading role for European marine science in international deep-sea and global change research. 相似文献
54.
55.
文章依据较高线电压的扩展比较了具有扩展安全工作区(SOA)的2个4.5 kV二极管.为了改善反向恢复特性,必须降低通态过程中靠近阳极的过剩载流子浓度.为了控制阳极的注入效率,比较了工艺技术的2种状态,即发射掺杂降低和在p掺杂区离子辐照.根据正向低电流密度(如2 A/cm2)恢复时50%的低开关损耗,表明局部寿命控制技术比发射掺杂降低技术更具优势.因此,通态特性一致的器件选择了这种改善.此外,观察到了离子辐照二极管的软开关性能.由校准的计算机仿真提供了用实验方法得到的这种性能的解释. 相似文献
56.
针对铁路运输的货物在途中被盗现象,提出了货车、集装箱防盗系统的设计原理,给出了系统硬件结构示意图和软件设计框图并对其在 T M I S中的使用前景进行了展望。 相似文献
57.
O. V. Kopelevich S. V. Sheberstov O. Yunev O. Basturk Z. Z. Finenko S. Nikonov V. I. Vedernikov 《Journal of Marine Systems》2002,36(3-4)
Absolute values of chlorophyll a concentration and its spatial and seasonal variations in the Black Sea were assessed by using satellite CZCS and in situ data. Since the satellite CZCS had operated for the 1978–1986 period, CZCS data was used for assessing the past state of the Black Sea just before the onset of drastic changes observed in late 1980s. The approach used for the calculation of the absolute values of chlorophyll a concentration from CZCS data was based on the direct comparison of in situ chlorophyll a data and those of CZCS and by applying the algorithm developed for the transformation of CZCS data into chlorophyll a values. CZCS Level 2 data related with pigment concentration having a spatial resolution of 1 km at nadir were used. The daily Level 3 files were derived by binning Level 2 values into 4-km grid cells and the monthly and seasonal Level 3 files were created by averaging the daily Level 3 files over the corresponding period. In situ chlorophyll a data were obtained by spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods in 15 scientific cruises over the 1978–1986 period. Total number of ship-measured data used for the comparison with those CZCS values was 590.Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) was derived from CZCS values (C) with regression equations Chl=kC; the coefficient of transformation k was calculated from six different data sets by taking into account distinctions between subregions and seasons. The reasons for difference in the k values have been analyzed.Statistical comparison of the chlorophyll a values measured in situ and those derived from CZCS data was based on log-transformed data and gave the following results: regression SLOPE=0.842, regression INTERCEPT=−0.081, coefficient of determination (R2)=0.806, root–mean–square ERROR=0.195. The mean monthly chlorophyll a distributions derived from CZCS data over 1978–1986 have been constructed and the mean seasonal chlorophyll a values in different regions have been calculated and analyzed. The significant difference in chlorophyll concentration between the western shelf regions and the open part of the Black Sea has been demonstrated, especially in warm season. At almost all seasons, the highest chlorophyll concentration is observed in the western interior shelf region which is under strong influence of Danube. The summer mean chlorophyll concentration in this region is 18 times higher than that in the open parts and about nine times higher than in the eastern shelf region. The greatest seasonal variations are observed in the open part of the Black Sea: chlorophyll concentration in cold season is four to six times higher than in summer and three to five times higher than in April and October. To the contrary, in the western interior shelf regions, the concentration is higher in May–October (about twice than that in November–March). Seasonal variations in the western outer shelf regions are smoothed out as compared with both the western interior shelf and the open regions. 相似文献
58.
P. J. Minnett F. Bignami E. Bhm G. Budus P. S. Galbraith P. Gudmandsen T. S. Hopkins R. G. Ingram M. A. Johnson H. J. Niebauer R. O. Ramseier W. Schneider 《Journal of Marine Systems》1997,10(1-4)
A summary of the seasonal development of the Northeast Water Polynya ice cover characteristics is presented. This is based primarily on satellite remote sensing observations, with some in situ measurements, including both new and published data. 相似文献
59.
Using multi-day, multi-period travel diaries data of 56 days (four waves of two-week diaries) for 67 individuals in Stockholm, this study aims to examine the effects of out-of-home and in-home constraints (e.g. teleworking, studying at home, doing the laundry, cleaning and taking care of other household member[s]) on individuals’ day-to-day leisure activity participation decisions in four different seasons. This study also aims to explore the effects of various types of working schedules (fixed, shift, partial- and full-flexible) on individuals’ decisions to participate in day-to-day leisure activities. A pooled model (56 days) and wave-specific models (14 days in each wave) are estimated by using dynamic ordered Probit models. The effects of various types of working schedules are estimated by using 28 days of two waves’ data. The results show that an individual’s leisure activity participation decision is significantly influenced by out-of-home work durations but not influenced by in-home constraints, regardless of any seasons. Individuals with shift working hours engage less in day-to-day leisure activities than other workers’ types in both spring and summer seasons. The thermal indicator significantly affects individuals’ leisure activity participation decisions during the autumn season. Individuals exhibit routine behaviour characterized by repeated decisions in participating in day-to-day leisure activities that can last up to 14 days, regardless of any seasons. 相似文献
60.
In order to prevent the uncontrolled release of seatbelt buckles due to high acceleration caused by pretensioners, anti-g
buckles that have pendulum-shaped g-masses to block the releasing motion are commonly adopted in seatbelt systems. However,
even with the wide applications of anti-g buckles, the underlying operational principles of anti-g buckles have yet to be
investigated. This work studies conditions for the engagement of the g-mass to prevent inertial release, and conditions for
maintaining a blocked state under very high acceleration. Using a multibody model of an anti-g buckle, the effects of various
design parameters on the performance of the anti-g buckle have been examined. It turns out that design variables associated
with the geometry of the g-mass and its contacting surface configuration play important roles. In order to account for the
dynamic interaction between driver and seatbelt, a multibody model of a seatbelt system is combined with a dummy model to
form a single dynamic system. Using the measured displacement of the buckle during the explosion of a pretensioner as the
driving condition for simulation, dynamic analysis of the seatbelt with driver interaction has been carried out. Through comparison
with measured and computed accelerations of webbing, which shows good agreement, the validity of the model has been demonstrated.
The dynamic model for seatbelt and driver can be used as a design tool for the development of anti-g buckles. 相似文献