Men Shape a Downward Trend in Car Use among Young Adults—Evidence from Six Industrialized Countries

This paper investigates trends in the travel behaviour of young adults in Germany, France, Great Britain, Japan, Norway, and the USA over the past few decades with a focus on car availability and car travel. The trend analysis relies on micro-data from over 20 National Travel Surveys from the study countries dating back to the mid-1970s. The analysis of the survey data is supplemented by official statistics on licence holding. On this basis, this paper compiles a body of evidence for changes in mobility patterns among young adults in industrialized countries over the past few decades. The findings indicate that since the turn of the millennium, access to cars, measured in terms of drivers' licences and household car ownership, has decreased in most study countries—especially for men. Moreover, average daily car travel distance has decreased in most study countries, again especially for men. In France, Japan, and most significantly in the USA, the decrease in car travel has led to a reduction in total everyday travel by young travellers. In Great Britain, the decline in car travel was partly, and in Germany fully, compensated by an increased use of alternative modes of transport.     

Capital grants and recurrent subsidies: A dilemma in American transportation policy

Transportation policy in America distinguishes between capital expenditures and recurrent operating and maintenance costs. Federal policy and resources encourage capital-intensive projects, but traditionally have left to state and local governments the responsibility for maintaining and operating the facilities built with federal support. This has led to consistent underestimation of operating costs in the decision process leading to capital expenditures, and to overcapitalization of transportation networks. Today, faced with recurrent costs which strain local resources, there is pressure to broaden federal participation in operations and maintenance, and legislation is beginning to weaken the traditional distinctions between capital and recurrent expenditures.     

汽车部件对污染的敏感性

污染敏感性分析是实现对整个机械系统污染控制的重要步骤。通过对污染的分析、测试、建模及模拟分析可有助于减少污染物或微小颗粒对机械系统造成的污染，避免因污染而导致的系统故障。对有关汽车机械系统污染的问题进行了分类讨论并进行了相关性分析，对测试及计算机建模方法进行了论述。给出了污染敏感性分析流程，最后通过几个典型实例阐明了污染敏感性分析的意义。     

阿尔卑斯山通道隧道群的施工安全和人员健康

1阿尔卑斯山通道概况 瑞士位于欧洲联盟南北部之间,自1980年以来,南北部繁忙的交通运输使瑞士的运量提高了十几倍。为了减轻交通运输压力,保护阿尔卑斯山及其周围环境,瑞士修建了从南到北贯穿全境的铁路大动脉——阿尔卑斯山通道。针对阿尔卑斯山通道隧道群的施工安全与人员健康方面的经验和教训,进行了全面总结,     

Integrated Environmental Modeling and Assessment of Coastal Ecosystems: Application for Aquaculture Management

This article presents an approach that couples coastal ecosystem modeling with integrated environmental assessment methodologies to support coastal management. The focus is to support the development of an ecosystem approach to aquaculture management including interactions with watershed substance loading. A Chinese bay, with intense aquaculture and multiple catchment uses, and where significant modeling efforts were undertaken is used as a case study. The ecosystem model developed for this bay is used to run scenarios that test the local management strategy for nutrient reduction. The corresponding ecological and economic impacts of the managers’ scenarios are analyzed by means of the Differential Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (ΔDPSIR) analysis. Emphasis is given to the analysis of the eutrophication process in the bay including present eutrophic condition and the expected changes due to the simulated scenarios. For this purpose, the Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS) screening model is a valuable tool to interpret and classify the data and model outputs regarding eutrophication condition and to evaluate the manageable level of the nutrient loading entering in the bay.     

水平物流破碎技术在长距离隧道出渣中的应用

长距离隧道建设中的出渣工序直接影响着长距离隧道建设的连续性和运输成本;水平物流破碎技术,配套皮带运输系统的应用很好地优化了爆破废料的清运工序,同时因为卡车使用的减少,降低了施工中通风和安全压力。