Numerical study to evaluate the characteristics Of HVAC-related Parameters to reduce CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentrations in cars

Today, as people are spending increasing amounts of time in their cars, they have come to recognize that the car should function as a “residential” space. An eco-friendly indoor environment that provides comfort in terms of visual, tactile, and auditory senses is needed for the driver and the passengers. The quality of the car’s indoor environment was evaluated on various factors, such as indoor thermal comfort, indoor air quality, smell, and noise. For the indoor air quality, the typical pollutants that degrade the air quality are CO₂, volatile organic compounds, and exhaust gases. Especially, CO₂ has a direct relationship with drowsy driving which leads to traffic accidents. There have been many experimental and analytical studies to reduce the level of CO₂ in a short time, but analyses of parameters that affect indoor CO₂ concentration are insufficient and comprehensive standards for evaluating the car indoor CO₂ concentration do not yet exist. In this study, several parameters were selected that can influence the reduction rate of CO₂ concentration, and a series of computational analyses were conducted to study the results of these parameters in CO₂ reduction. Based on this study, a prediction equation for CO₂ concentration was derived. For this, a general full factorial design was used to evaluate the CO₂ reduction characteristic based on various parameters (ventilation mode, boarding condition, vent angle, mass flow rate, and operation mode), and then their effects were analyzed to obtain an evaluation database of indoor air quality. From that, a prediction equation was derived to estimate the indoor air quality, enabling us to evaluate the CO₂ concentration quickly that actually influences the human body without carrying out time-consuming CFD analyses for CO₂ concentration. This study will be useful in designing HVAC systems and establishing the control logic for effective improvement of the car’s indoor air quality in the future.     

Phenomenological two-phase multi-zone combustion model for direct-injection diesel engines

This paper proposed a quasi-dimensional combustion model from a new observed two-phase penetration and combustion phenomenon in diesel spray. In the model, fuel spray was divided into two of liquid and gas phase areas. Considering the phenomenon that separation of gas and liquid phase in diesel spray occurs during spray penetration, gas and liquid area of spray are discretized respectively. Liquid phase areas play important role in fuel mass transport, however gas phase areas are the main region for fuel combustion in the model. Fuel and air mixing rate of gas phase zone is the key for the calculation of combustion rate. Validation experiments are designed by using optimal Latin hypercube design method. Comparison of calculations and experiments show that the model is able to predict diesel engine performance at different engine speeds, loads, and injection pressure and timing, and provides guidance for the design of engines.     

The perception and image of shipping

The image of the shipping industry plays a vital role in developing maritime transport as a major future, sustainable transport alternative. In particular, it is crucial to understand the image the shipping industry has among young people and the anatomy of the concept in order to be able to effectively promote careers in shipping, to cultivate shipping as an attractive labour market and to develop attractive educational programmes. The focus of this paper is the image of the shipping industry. This study reports on the findings of a large-scale survey of the image of shipping- and image-related concepts among upper secondary school pupils in Sweden, Norway and Greece. We define and analyse empirically by means of multivariate statistical analysis the anatomy of the image concept. We identify various image dimensions, estimate how young people rate the shipping industry along these dimensions and estimate their relative importance to young people who are planning their future careers. The results from this study can be used as a base for describing and explaining the images that young people have of the shipping industry. Such knowledge is fundamental for deriving and developing constructive strategies to promote careers in shipping, to adapt shipping to the expectations of young people and to develop creative and relevant educational programmes. Finally, understanding the image of shipping among young people is important not only for the shipping industry, but for other stakeholders as well, such as ship-owners associations, trade associations, labour unions, transport authorities and administrations and policy makers at the national and supra-national level.     

Survey and empirical evaluation of nonhomogeneous arrival process models with taxi data

Arrival processes are important inputs to many transportation system functions, such as vehicle prepositioning, taxi dispatch, bus holding strategies, and dynamic pricing. We conduct a comprehensive survey of the literature which shows that many transport systems employ basic homogeneous arrival process models or static nonhomogeneous processes. We conduct an empirical experiment to compare five state of the art arrival process short term prediction models using a common transportation system data set: New York taxi passenger pickups in 2013. Pickup data is split between 672 observations for model estimation and 96 observations for validation. From our experiment, we obtain evidence to support a recent model called FM‐IntGARCH, which is able to combine the benefits of both time series models and discrete count processes. Using a set of seven performance metrics from the literature, FM‐IntGARCH is shown to outperform the offline models—seasonal factor method, piecewise linear model—as well as the online models—ARIMA, Gaussian Cox process. Implications for operating data‐driven “smart” transit systems and urban informatics are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An efficient recursive least square-based condition monitoring approach for a rail vehicle suspension system

A model-based condition monitoring strategy for the railway vehicle suspension is proposed in this paper. This approach is based on recursive least square (RLS) algorithm focusing on the deterministic ‘input–output’ model. RLS has Kalman filtering feature and is able to identify the unknown parameters from a noisy dynamic system by memorising the correlation properties of variables. The identification of suspension parameter is achieved by machine learning of the relationship between excitation and response in a vehicle dynamic system. A fault detection method for the vertical primary suspension is illustrated as an instance of this condition monitoring scheme. Simulation results from the rail vehicle dynamics software ‘ADTreS’ are utilised as ‘virtual measurements’ considering a trailer car of Italian ETR500 high-speed train. The field test data from an E464 locomotive are also employed to validate the feasibility of this strategy for the real application. Results of the parameter identification performed indicate that estimated suspension parameters are consistent or approximate with the reference values. These results provide the supporting evidence that this fault diagnosis technique is capable of paving the way for the future vehicle condition monitoring system.     

Laboratory alignment procedure for improving reproducibility of tyre wet grip measurement

Since 2012, the Korean and EU governments have been running a tyre labelling system. All tyres sold in Korea have to carry a label that displays information of two performance criteria: rolling resistance and wet grip. The rolling resistance of the tyres determines their fuel efficiency grading, and the wet grip of the tyres determines their braking safety grading. The rolling resistance and wet grip measurements must be reproducible, so the same tests on the same tyres in different laboratories must produce the same results to ensure a fair comparison between tyres from different suppliers. In addition, a good reproducibility of testing results prevents market surveillance authorities from obtaining results different from those provided by suppliers when testing the same tyres. The laboratory alignment procedure for the rolling resistance measurements was developed and published as the EU Commission Regulation No. 1235 in 2011. However, the laboratory alignment procedure for the wet grip measurements has not yet been developed. Therefore, there are many differences in the wet grip test results among test laboratories throughout the world. The new procedure that is proposed for the wet grip measurement alignment for tyre testing laboratories can improve the reproducibility of the wet grip testing results, and five laboratory alignment tests were carried out between KATECH and five other test laboratories in the world to evaluate the results of the proposed procedure.     

Effect of injector parameters on the injection quantity of common rail injection system for diesel engines

In this paper, the bond graph model of common rail injector was proposed in consideration of the effects of variable liquid capacitance and fuel physical property on the injection characteristics of the injector. State equations were derived based on the model, which were numerically solved by programming in Matlab. Comparisons between the simulation results and the experimental data show that the numerical model can effectively predict the injection quantity of the system. Effect of variation of delivery chamber diameter, needle seat semi-angle, needle cone semi-angle, ball valve seat semi-angle, nozzle hole diameter, inlet orifice diameter and outlet orifice diameter on fuel injection quantity had been analyzed. The influence rules of various parameters on the fuel injection quantity had been established. The experiments were conducted using face centered central composite design. A second order polynomial response surface model had been developed for predicting fuel injection quantity, as a function of the independent variables. Analysis of variation was used to determine the significance interactions which primarily affect the fuel injection quantity. It had been concluded that six interaction factors including delivery chamber diameter with nozzle hole diameter, needle seat semi-angle with needle cone semi-angle, needle seat semi-angle with nozzle hole diameter, needle cone semi-angle with nozzle hole diameter, nozzle hole diameter with inlet orifice diameter, and nozzle hole diameter with outlet orifice diameter have significant effect on the fuel injection quantity of the system.     

Technology application and development trend of intelligent unmanned system北大核心CSCD

Intelligent unmanned system combat is moving from concepts to actual combat applications. The military applications of intelligent unmanned systems are emphasized by focusing on the needs of the combat missions that they will undertake on future battlefields and summarizing the development statuses of land, air and maritime unmanned systems. Aiming at the key problems faced by intelligent unmanned systems and the practical difficulties that will be faced on the battlefield in the future, we analyze the key technologies required for intelligent unmanned systems, including autonomous perception and understanding in complex environments, behavioral decision-making and trajectory planning, autonomous navigation and positioning, multi-scenario autonomous skill learning and intelligent control, unmanned cluster cooperative control, natural human-computer interaction, etc. At the same time, aiming at the problems that will be encountered in the further development of intelligent unmanned systems on the battlefield in the future, we start with individual enhancement and cluster enhancement, and conduct a detailed analysis of the development trends of intelligent unmanned systems. © 2022 Palaeobulgarica. All rights reserved.     

Energy efficiency optimization analysis of fuel cell/lithium battery hybrid ship based on whale optimization algorithm北大核心CSCD

[目的]为提升船舶的能源利用率,对多因素影响下的燃料电池/锂电池混合动力船舶能效优化方法进行分析。[方法]基于Matlab/Simulink仿真建模软件,建立对象船舶的能效仿真模型,研究通航环境要素对船舶能效的影响。考虑动力源特性和船舶功率需求,提出基于模糊逻辑的功率分配策略,以优化系统能量流动。然后在此基础上,以系统总能耗最低为优化目标,建立考虑多因素的船舶航速非线性优化模型,采用鲸鱼优化算法开展优化模型动态寻优,并进行不同航行方法和航行时间约束下的能效优化分析。[结果]结果显示,在总航行时间不变的情况下,采用所提的考虑多因素的船舶能效优化方法可以降低船舶5.04%的总能耗和13.16%的燃料电池氢气总消耗。[结论]所述方法对船舶节能减排具有积极的作用,同时对提高船舶续航力和经济性具有重要意义。     

黄冈公铁两用长江大桥桥塔液压爬模施工技术

黄冈公铁两用长江大桥桥塔为H形钢筋混凝土结构,塔高190.5m,采用液压爬模法施工。为满足液压爬模在高塔施工过程中快速化施工的需求并确保施工安全,针对桥塔结构特点,选用将5m节段液压爬模改进成6m的节段液压爬模进行桥塔施工,并对液压爬模结构进行优化改进,包括整体制作大装饰槽和大倒角模板并固定在液压爬模上,在大装饰槽处附墙装置下增加牛腿,将塔柱内、外侧面液压爬模上支架后移平台加长50cm。通过合理布置桥塔液压爬模轨迹,桥塔液压爬模只在中下塔柱转角处进行1次转换,避免了液压爬模在高空中多次转换的风险;液压爬模采用分组整体转换,加快了桥塔施工速度。实践证明,该桥采用液压爬模施工技术,实现了高效快速化施工目标,且施工过程安全。