Towards a short time “feature-based costing” for ship design

Cost is perhaps the most influential factor in the outcome of a product or service within many of today’s industries. Cost assessment during the early stage of ship design is crucial. It influences the go, no-go decision concerning a new development. Cost assessment occurs at various stages of ship design development. Economic evaluation as early as possible, in the design phase, is therefore vital to find the best pricefunction compromise for the ship projects. The authors have developed a feature-based costing model for cost effectiveness measurements intended to be used by ship designers for the real time control of cost process. The outcome is that corrective actions can be taken by management in a rather short time to actually improve or overcome predicted unfavourable performance.     

Morphology and oxidation kinetics of CI engine’s biodiesel particulate matters on cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters using TGA

The impact of small compression ignition (CI) engine operation conditions and fuel properties on diesel and biodiesel particulate matters (PMs) quantity using opacity smoke meter is investigated. The biodiesel engine’s PMs are around a half of diesel engine PMs under the same engine operation conditions. Morphology of both engine’s PMs are also studied using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and image processing method. The average primary nanoparticle sizes of diesel and biodiesel engine’s PMs are approximately 34 nm and 32 nm, respectively. The result shows that engine operation condition and fuel property are strongly impact on the quantity and size distribution of primary nanoparticles emission. PM oxidation kinetics on conventional cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) powders by Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) is also successfully studied. The calculated apparent activation energies of biodiesel engine’s PM oxidation on conventional cordierite DPFs powders are lower than that of diesel engine’s PM and carbon black because of unburned oxygenated molecule. The calculated apparent activation energy of biodiesel engine’s PM and diesel engine’s PM oxidize on conventional cordierite DPFs powders with pure air are in the range of 109 ~ 131 kJ/mole and 117 ~ 130 kJ/mole, respectively. It might be expected that smaller primary nanoparticle size of biodiesel engine’s PMs and bio-oxygenate unburned hydrocarbon can promote more PM oxidation rate during vehicle’s DPF regeneration process.     

Comparisons of the environmental footprint of heavy vehicles in the UK and Switzerland

The European Union project Eureka Logchain Footprint is an ongoing project to identify road and rail vehicles by means of their environmental footprint as characterised by dynamic load, noise, ground borne vibrations and gaseous emissions induced by the vehicle. Part of the project involves the installation of road and rail footprint monitoring stations throughout Europe. This paper presents results of the road stations in Switzerland and the UK. Individual vehicle data from weigh-in-motion and noise are compared. The results indicate that a significant number of vehicles surpass the limits set in both countries. It was shown that the UK sites are generating higher noise levels than their Swiss counterparts; in part due to the much coarser aggregate embedded in the running course of the pavement employed in the UK. Such data can be used to create an incentive for vehicle types with a low footprint and a penalty for vehicles with a large footprint.     

Digging Deep: Managing Social and Policy Dimensions of Geoduck Aquaculture Conflict in Puget Sound,Washington

Shellfish aquaculture can result in conflicts among stakeholders who perceive impacts and tradeoffs regarding sense of place, aesthetic, recreational, economic, and ecological values. Pacific geoduck clams (Panopea generosa Gould 1850) are grown in intertidal plots using gear- and labor-intensive techniques that result in a high value export product. A confluence of issues has resulted in on-going social and legal tensions surrounding geoduck aquaculture in southern Puget Sound, Washington (WA), USA. Using interviews and document analysis, we explored stakeholder perspectives and policy issues related to geoduck aquaculture in southern Puget Sound. Twenty-three stakeholders were interviewed, including state agency employees, representatives of the aquaculture industry, nongovernmental organizations, landowners, a tribal member, and an academic. Nine state hearings board decisions on challenges to aquaculture permits were also analyzed. Stakeholders articulated a variety of perspectives regarding aesthetic, recreational, land-use, ecological, political, regulatory, and economic aspects of geoduck aquaculture activities. Hearings board cases addressed similar issues (aesthetic, ecological, and recreational), as well as challenges to restrictions on aquaculture. Potential strategies for managing this conflict include emphasizing best management practices, identifying and incorporating best available science, joint fact-finding approaches, and initiating and improving communication among all stakeholders.     

Site Selection Appraisal for Tidal Turbine Development in the River Mersey

This paper used a specialist software package to produce a detailed model of the River Mersey estuary, which can be subjected to a range of simulated tidal conditions. The aim of this research was to use the validated model to identify the optimal location for the positioning of a tidal turbine. Progress was made identifying a new optimal site for power generation using velocity data produced from simulations conducted using the MIKE 3 software. This process resulted in the identification of site 8, which sits mid-river between the Morpeth Dock and the Albert Dock, being identified as the favoured location for tidal power generation in the River Mersey. Further analysis of the site found that a 17.2-m diameter single rota multidirectional turbine with a 428-kW-rated capacity could produce 1.12 GWh annually.     

梅西河潮流能水轮机开发的场地选择评价研究（英文）

This paper used a specialist software package to produce a detailed model of the River Mersey estuary, which can be subjected to a range of simulated tidal conditions. The aim of this research was to use the validated model to identify the optimal location for the positioning of a tidal turbine. Progress was made identifying a new optimal site for power generation using velocity data produced from simulations conducted using the MIKE 3 software. This process resulted in the identification of site 8, which sits mid-river between the Morpeth Dock and the Albert Dock, being identified as the favoured location for tidal power generation in the River Mersey. Further analysis of the site found that a 17.2-m diameter single rota multidirectional turbine with a 428-kW-rated capacity could produce 1.12 GWh annually.     

Automated real-time railway traffic control: an experimental analysis of reliability,resilience and robustness

Railway transportation provides sustainable, fast and safe transport. Its attractiveness is linked to a broad concept of service reliability: the capability to adhere to a timetable in the presence of delays perturbing traffic. To counter these phenomena, real-time rescheduling can be used, changing train orders and times, according to rules of thumb, or mathematical optimization models, minimizing delays or maximizing punctuality. In the literature, different indices of robustness, reliability and resilience are defined for railway traffic. We review and evaluate these indices applied to railway traffic control, comparing optimal rescheduling approaches such as Open Loop and Closed Loop control, to a typical First-Come-First-Served dispatching rule, and following the timetable (no-action). This experimental analysis clarifies the benefits of automated traffic control for infrastructure managers, railway operators and passengers. The timetable order, normally used in assessing a-priori reliability, systematically overestimates unreliability of operations that can be reduced by real-time control.     

Key Techniques for Lean Construction Management of the High Speed Railway Tunnels北大核心CSCD

Improvements of management mode and application level of informationization techniques are the key factors to safe and efficient construction of the high-speed railway tunnels considering the complexity and diversity of construction techniques, unpredictable risk factors and varied geological conditions. In the paper it proposed a management mode for lean construction of high-speed railway tunnels, studied the in-depth integration and applica⁃ tion of key technologies of BIM, advance geological prediction, tunnel surrounding rock measurement, 3D laser scan⁃ ning, etc. in the lean construction management of high-speed railway tunnels, and developed the light portal APP and cloud-based information management system. Through the verification of practical engineering application, it re⁃ alized good monitoring of key risk resources in tunnel construction, redline control for key tasks and effective manage⁃ ment of safety and quality, increased efficiency of collaborative operation of all parties involved and reached the goal of lean construction and management. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

Support Form and Construction Sequence for Soft Rock Tunnels with Small Spacing,High Stress and Deformation北大核心CSCD

Increasingly, stations are being extended to tunnels due to the effects of topography on mountain rail-ways and the requirements of the stations. A forked tail tunnel arrangement is the most popular one, but the concomi-tant effect of the following tunnel on the antecedent tunnel during construction of a tunnel with small spacing causes cracking of the primary support and secondary lining as well as heaving of the invert, which continues to trouble en-gineers. Different problems are encountered by different tunnels because of the complexities and variations of geo-logical environments. Using the construction of two single-line sections with small spacing for the Xinchengzi tunnel on the Lanzhou-Chongqing railway as an example, the support form for a soft rock tunnel with small spacing and high geostress and deformation, as well as the invert construction sequence of the left and right lines and secondary lining, are analyzed and discussed. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

What cognitive mechanisms predict travel mode choice? A systematic review with meta-analysis

Reduced private car use can limit greenhouse gas emissions and improve public health. It is unclear, however, how promotion of alternative transport choices can be optimised. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to identify potentially modifiable cognitive mechanisms that have been related to car use and use of alternative transport modes. A qualitative synthesis of measures of potentially modifiable mechanisms based on 43 studies yielded 26 conceptually distinct mechanism categories. Meta-analyses of associations between these mechanisms and car use/non-use generated 205 effects sizes (Pearson’s r) from 35 studies. The strongest correlates of car use were intentions, perceived behavioural control, attitudes and habit. The strongest correlates of alternative transportation choices were intentions, perceived behavioural control and attitudes. Implications for researchers and policy implementation are discussed.