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141.
We propose a semiparametric approach that can capture the nonlinearity of deterministic components of the utility functions
in discrete choice models and demonstrate it by analyzing travel mode choice behaviour for an interregional trip. The proposed
smoothing spline-based specification method can be used to make ex ante evaluations regarding the parametric specifications of the deterministic utility functions in discrete choice models. 相似文献
142.
Uncontrolled expansion of combustion wave in spark ignited internal combustion engine causes knock effect which seriously degrades efficiency and lifetime of the engine. Thus, accurate knock detection and control are essential for obtaining a desired performance from the engine. Usually, knock sensor is used to detect this phenomenon but it has limited accuracy especially at engine high-speed rotations because of natural vibration and external noises. In this study an effective method based on Non-Local Mean (NLM) algorithm has been proposed to improve the knock detection accuracy. This method is evaluated based on four different indicators and four engine cylinders. The results show 52.9 % improvement in knock detection. Also feasibility of real time execution of this method based on embedded hardware has been studied. 相似文献
143.
Alan J. Horowitz 《Transportation》2010,37(4):689-703
This paper describes a group of techniques for disaggregating origin–destination tables for travel forecasting that makes
explicit use of observed traffic on a network. Five models within the group are presented, each of which uses nonlinear least-squares
estimation to obtain row and column factors for splitting trip totals from and to larger geographical areas into smaller ones.
The techniques are philosophically similar to Fratar factoring, although the solution method is quite different. The techniques
are tested on a full-sized network for Northfield, MN and are found to work effectively. 相似文献
144.
Jerzy Ejsmont Stanislaw Taryma Grzegorz Ronowski Beata Swieczko-Zurek 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2018,19(1):45-54
Temperature is a very important factor controlling rolling resistance of road vehicle tyres. There are at least three different temperatures that may be considered as important factors controlling thermal conditions of the rolling tyre. The most common measure of the thermal conditions during tyre rolling is ambient air temperature. The other two are: pavement temperature and “tyre” temperature. Tyre temperature is the most difficult to establish, as temperatures of different parts of rolling tyres differ considerably, thus there is a problem to obtain representative values. In the authors’ opinion, air temperature is the most universal and reliable parameter to measure. The article presents results obtained in the Technical University of Gdańsk during laboratory and road measurements of different car tyres rolling on different pavements. The knowledge of rolling resistance characteristics is important for modelling car dynamics as well as fuel consumption. It is also necessary to establish proper test conditions in the future standardized on-road method of measuring rolling resistance. The results indicate that generally each tyre and pavement combination is influenced by the air temperature in a unique way, but at the same it is possible to propose some general influence factors that may be used to normalize measurements to the standard temperature of 25 °C. 相似文献
145.
Edmondo Di Pasquale Daniel Coutellier 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2017,18(4):631-642
Head on bonnet impact is becoming more and more important in automotive design as regulations on pedestrian safety become more demanding. Despite the relatively low amount of energy involved, these impacts are truly dynamic phenomena as the event duration is comparable with the traveling time of the different wavefronts generated by the impact. In this paper, we show that we can build up a simplified model for the impact based on wave propagation analysis. Using this model, we can analyze head acceleration on existing bonnets or predict it on new ones. Head acceleration in a bonnet impact can thus be estimated over the whole area of the bonnet with a few minutes of CPU. 相似文献
146.
In the connected vehicles, connecting interfaces bring threats to the vehicles and they can be hacked to impact the vehicles and drivers. Compared with traditional vehicles, connected vehicles require more information transfer. Sensor signals and critical data must be protected to ensure the cyber security of connected vehicles. The communications among ECUs, sensors, and gateways are connected by in-vehicle networks. This paper discussed the state-of-art techniques about secure communication for in-vehicle networks. First, the related concepts in automotive secure communication have been provided. Then we have compared and contrasted existing approaches for secure communication. We have analyzed the advantages/disadvantages of MAC and digital signatures for message authentication and compared the performance and limitations of different cryptographic algorithms. Firewall and intrusion detection system are introduced to protect the networks. The constraints and features of different intrusion detection approaches are presented. After that, the technical requirements for cryptographic mechanism and intrusion detection policy are concluded. Based on the review of current researches, the future development directions of the automotive network security have been discussed. The purpose of this paper is to review current techniques on automotive secure communication and suggest suitable secure approaches to implement on the in-vehicle networks. 相似文献
147.
It has always been a daunting task for any government to allocate the budgets for public infrastructure effectively so as
to maximize the benefits of the limited resources. The most important contribution this paper makes is to conduct an empirical
study of the budget allocations of the six region-based road system construction plans in northern Taiwan using the transportation
budget allocation model devised in this paper. After reviewing the results, the experts consulted while preparing this paper
believe that these results are both objective and able to meet the actual requirements. The competent authority also believes
that they are better than those obtained using their original approach. In particular, the construction of this model takes
into consideration the highest-level supervisors. To a certain degree, it caters for the practices in budget allocation so
that the managers are able to assume the authority corresponding to their responsibility concerning management efficiency
and final outcomes. 相似文献
148.
Jungyong Wang Ayhan Akinturk Neil Bose Stephen J. Jones Yun Young Song Ho Hwan Chun Moon Chan Kim 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2008,13(3):244-255
The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice-covered water.
Model tests were carried out with two different depths of cut into the ice (15 and 35 mm), two different ice conditions (presawn
and pack ice conditions), and four different azimuthing angles. The depth of cut is the maximum penetration depth of the propeller
blade into the ice block. The 0.3-m-diameter model propeller was operated in a continuous ice milling condition. Ice loads
were measured by several sensors which were installed in various positions on the model. Six one-axis pancake-style load cells
on the top of the model measured the global loads and two six-component dynamometers were installed on the shaft to measure
the shaft loads. One six-component dynamometer was attached to the one of the propeller blades inside the hub to measure the
blade loads. The pod unit and propeller performance in ice are presented. Ice-related loads, which were obtained when the
blade was inside the ice block, are introduced and discussed. During the propeller–ice interaction, a blade can experience
the path generated by the previous blade, which is called the shadowing effect. The effects of shadowing, depth of cut, azimuthing
angle, and advance coefficient on propulsor performance are presented and discussed. 相似文献
149.
Khanh Toan Dam Katsutoshi Tanimoto Eldina Fatimah 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2008,13(3):223-230
This paper presents a discussion of the characteristics of ship waves in a narrow channel restricted by vertical walls, based
on observed data and the results computed by a 2-D model. In the numerical model, the propagation of waves generated by a
moving ship is simulated by solving 2-D depth-integrated Boussinesq equations. To get the boundary conditions at the location
of the ship, the slender-ship approximation is employed. A field observation was carried out at a straight length of navigation
channel. The ships targeted in the observations are two kinds of waterbuses with lengths of 28 and 24 m. The relative depth
Froude number for the river current, an appropriate parameter for assessing the influence of the current on ship wave characteristics
in a navigation channel, ranged from 0.47 to 0.76. The observed maximum wave height varied between 0.13 and 1.26 m. The maximum
wave height of the wave train is sharply increased when the relative depth Froude number exceeds 0.6. The results computed
by the present model agree fairly well with the observed data. 相似文献
150.
Trip generation of vulnerable populations in three Canadian cities: a spatial ordered probit approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Matthew J. Roorda Antonio Páez Catherine Morency Ruben Mercado Steven Farber 《Transportation》2010,37(3):525-548
This paper provides an analysis of trip generation of three vulnerable groups: single-parent families, low income households,
and the elderly. It compares the mobility of these groups to that of the general population in three Canadian urban areas
of Hamilton, Montreal and Toronto, based on data from large-sample metropolitan transport surveys. An ordered probit model
with spatially expanded coefficients is used for the analysis. Spatial expansion shows that there are spatial mobility trends
for elderly populations and low-income populations even after socio-economic attributes are accounted for. Such spatial differences
are not generally found for single parent families. This novel spatial analysis provides clues as to where vulnerable populations
may experience greater degrees of social exclusion. It provides information to help prioritize transportation infrastructure
projects or other social programs to take into account the needs of vulnerable populations with the lowest levels of mobility. 相似文献