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291.
As a means of transportation and as a form of physical activity, bicycling generates benefits to the bicyclist as well as
to the community as a whole. Bicycling now accounts for less than 1 percent of all trips for all purposes in the U.S., but
evidence from other western countries suggests that under the right conditions, bicycling levels can be significantly higher.
Indeed, the experiences of some U.S. cities suggest that it is possible to create conditions conducive to higher levels of
bicycling even in the U.S. However, the extent to which bicycle investments have contributed to bicycling levels in these
communities has not been rigorously assessed. The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the determinants
of bicycle ownership and use as a basis for identifying ways to promote bicycling. A cross-sectional study of six cities was
designed to test the importance of bicycle infrastructure and other physical environment factors relative to individual factors
and social environment factors, using a nested logit model to examine ownership and use decisions jointly. The results show
strong effects of individual attitudes and physical and social environment factors on bicycle ownership and use. 相似文献
292.
Developing a more efficient mass transit system, in highly populated cities, improves the mobility, decreases the dependency
of private cars, alleviates traffic congestion, and provides a more environmentally friendly means of travel. Recently, the
city of Beijing decided to have a target of becoming as a ‘public-transport city’ with a fascinating mass transit system within
a larger plan, of building humanistic, scientific and technological, and green public-transport systems. This work discusses
the governance evolution of the mass transit system of Beijing between 1949–2008, comprised of two groups of transit systems,
the road surface public-transport system (bus, tram, trolley, etc.), and the subway public-transport system. In addition,
a time-series analysis is introduced in an attempt to examine the effect of governance evolution on the two transit systems,
and of the impacts of the governance structural changes on the mass transit system. The time-series model is introduced using
the annual statistics data of the period 1949–2008. The outcome of the analysis is viewed with precaution because of the incompleteness
of the many endogenous and exogenous factors to affect the public-transport demand. Generally speaking it is concluded that
the governance evolution provides beneficial effect of the Beijing mass transit activity; however, for satisfying the significant
increase of the Beijing city’s travel demand and maintaining sustainable development, the governance-involvement pattern needs
to be reformed. 相似文献
293.
Exploring public transport usage trends in an ageing population 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An ageing population remains one of the most significant challenges for Western society in the 21st century. Whilst public
transport use has attractive sustainability features for older generations there is mixed evidence with regard to trends in
travel and public transport use in ageing societies. This paper explores public transport trip rates amongst older age groups
using travel survey evidence collected from a household travel survey in Melbourne, Australia for the period 1994 to 1999.
A particular aim of the research was to establish trends in trip rates so as to explore the impact of the ageing Baby Boomer
generation on travel by public transport. The results suggested that compared to those aged below 60, those aged over 60 years
demonstrated 30% lower trip making overall and 16% lower public transport trip rates. Longitudinal trends in trip rates showed
those aged over 60 had a very small decline in trip rates by public transport (−0.004 average daily trips per annum) but increasing
rates for car trips. A further analysis showed a small but significant increase in longitudinal trip rates of public transport
use amongst Baby Boomers (0.004 daily trips p.a., p < .05) while car usage for Baby Boomers was steady. The implication of these findings is that trends in the existing over
60s population are not necessarily going to flow through to behaviour patterns in the Baby Boomer generations. The Baby Boomer
age group showed longitudinal trends in travel behaviour which contrasted with those of the existing over 60s generation notably
with a trend towards increased public transport usage. 相似文献
294.
295.
This paper is a think piece on variations in the structure of stated preference studies when modelling the joint preferences
of interacting agents who have the power to influence the attribute levels on offer. The approach proposed is an extension
of standard stated choice methods, known as ‘stated endogenous attribute level’ (SEAL) analysis. It allows for interactive
agents to adjust attribute levels off a base stated choice specification that are within their control, in an effort to reach
agreement in an experimental setting. This accomplishes three goals: (1) the ability to place respondents in an environment
that more closely matches interactive settings in which some attribute levels are endogenous to a specific agent, should the
modeller wish to capture such behaviour; (2) the improved ability of the modeller to capture the behaviour in such settings,
including a greater wealth of information on the related interaction processes, rather than simply outcomes; and (3) the expansion of the set of situations that the modeller can investigate using experimental
data.
相似文献
John M. RoseEmail: |
296.
An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) must use an algorithm to plan its path to distant, mobile offshore objects. Because
of the uneven distribution of obstacles in the real world, the efficiency of the algorithm decreases if the global environment
is represented by regular grids with all of them at the highest resolution. The framed quadtree data structure is able to
more efficiently represent the environment. When planning the path, the dynamic object is expressed instead as several static
objects which are used by the path planner to update the path. By taking account of the characteristics of the framed quadtree,
objects can be projected on the frame nodes to increase the precision of the path. Analysis and simulations showed the proposed
planner could increase efficiency while improving the ability of the AUV to follow an object. 相似文献
297.
溃坝模拟的光滑粒子流体动力学方法及其粘性特性(英文) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian meshless particle method. It is one of the best method for simulating
violent free surface flows in fluids and solving large fluid deformations. Dam breaking is a typical example of these problems.
The basis of SPH was reviewed, including some techniques for governing equation resolution, such as the stepping method and
the boundary handling method. Then numerical results of a dam breaking simulation were discussed, and the benefits of concepts
like artificial viscosity and position correction were analyzed in detail. When compared with dam breaking simulated by the
volume of fluid (VOF) method, the wave profile generated by SPH had good agreement, but the pressure had only reasonable agreement.
Improving pressure results is clearly an important next step for research. 相似文献
298.
二维水翼型空化流的数值计算(英文) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In order to predict the effects of cavitation on a hydrofoil, the state equations of the cavitation model were combined with
a linear viscous turbulent method for mixed fluids in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT to simulate steady
cavitating flow. At a fixed attack angle, pressure distributions and volume fractions of vapor at different cavitation numbers
were simulated, and the results on foil sections agreed well with experimental data. In addition, at the various cavitation
numbers, the vapor fractions at different attack angles were also predicted. The vapor region moved towards the front of the
airfoil and the length of the cavity grew with increased attack angle. The results show that this method of applying FLUENT
to simulate cavitation is reliable. 相似文献
299.
After an aerial object enters the water, physical changes to sounds in the water caused by the accompanying bubbles are quite complex. As a result, traditional signal analyzing methods cannot identify the real physical object. In view of this situation, a novel method for analyzing the sounds caused by an aerial object’s entry into water was proposed. This method analyzes the vibrational mode of the bubbles by using empitical mode decomposition. Experimental results showed that this method can efficiently remove noise and extract the broadband pulse signal and low-frequency fluctuating signal, producing an accurate resolution of entry time and frequency. This shows the improved performance of the proposed method. 相似文献
300.
溃坝问题的数值仿真和实验(英文) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper, two novel numerical computation methods are introduced which have been recently developed at Research Institute
for Applied Mechanics ( RIAM ), Kyushu University, for strongly nonlinear wave-body interaction problems, such as ship motions
in rough seas and resulting green-water impact on deck. The first method is the CIP-based Cartesian grid method, in which
the free surface flow is treated as a multi-phase flow which is solved using a Cartesian grid. The second method is the MPS
method, which is a so-called particle method and hence no grid is used. The features and calculation procedures of these numerical
methods are described. One validation computation against a newly conducted experiment on a dam break problem, which is also
described in this paper, is presented. 相似文献