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排序方式: 共有1103条查询结果,搜索用时 234 毫秒
51.
B. N. Metaxas 《Maritime Policy and Management》2013,40(3):162-177
The purpose of this article is to formulate the problem, to assess its magnitude, and at the same time to suggest the areas that must be investigated before any practical policy recommendations can be made. 相似文献
52.
D. B. Sonawane K. Narayan V. S. Rao S. C. Subramanian 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(5):697-704
Most commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks use an air brake system, often equipped with an S-cam drum brake, to reduce
their speed and/or to stop. With a drum brake system, the clearance between the brake shoe/pad and the brake drum may increase
because of various reasons such as wearing of the brake shoe and/or brake drum and drum expansion caused by high heat generation
during the braking process. Hence, to ensure proper functioning of the brake system, it is essential that the clearance between
the brake shoe and the brake drum is monitored. In this paper, we present a mathematical model for the mechanical subsystem
of the air brake system that can be used to monitor this clearance. This mathematical model correlates the push rod stroke
transients and the brake chamber pressure transients. A kinematic analysis and a dynamic analysis of the mechanical subsystem
of the air brake system were performed, and the results are corroborated with experimental data. 相似文献
53.
54.
Numerical simulations of IC engines are of high interest for automotive engineers worldwide. The simulation models should be as fast as possible, low-computational effort and predictive tool. The correct prediction of turbulence level inside the combustion chamber of spark ignition engines is the most important factor influencing to the engine working cycle. This paper presents a development of the k-ε turbulence model applied to the commercial cycle-simulation software with the high emphasis on the intake part. The validation was performed on two engine geometries with the variation of engine speed and load comparing the cycle-simulation results of the turbulent kinetic energy and in-cylinder temperature with 3-D CFD results. In order to apply the cycle-simulation turbulence model for the simulation of entire engine map, the parameterization model of turbulence constants was proposed. The parameterized turbulence model was optimized using NLPQL optimization algorithm where the single set of turbulence model parameters for each engine was found. A good agreement of the turbulent kinetic energy during the expansion was achieved when the turbulence affects the flame front propagation and combustion rate as well. 相似文献
55.
Alan J. Horowitz 《Transportation》2010,37(4):689-703
This paper describes a group of techniques for disaggregating origin–destination tables for travel forecasting that makes
explicit use of observed traffic on a network. Five models within the group are presented, each of which uses nonlinear least-squares
estimation to obtain row and column factors for splitting trip totals from and to larger geographical areas into smaller ones.
The techniques are philosophically similar to Fratar factoring, although the solution method is quite different. The techniques
are tested on a full-sized network for Northfield, MN and are found to work effectively. 相似文献
56.
G. Menghini N. Carrasco N. Schüssler K.W. Axhausen 《Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice》2010,44(9):754-765
This paper presents the first route choice model for bicyclists estimated from a large sample of GPS observations and overcomes the limitations inherent in the generally employed stated preference approach. It employs an improved mode detection algorithm for GPS post-processing to determine trips made by bicycle, which are map matched to an enriched street network. The alternatives are generated as a random sample from an exhaustive, but constrained search. Accounting for the similarity between the alternatives with the path-size factor the MNL estimates show that the elasticity with regards to trip length is nearly four times larger than that with respect to the share of bike paths. The elasticity with respect to the product of length and maximum gradient of the route is small. No other variable describing the routes had an impact. The heterogeneity of the cyclists is captured through interaction terms formulated on their average behaviour. 相似文献
57.
V. Alkan S. M. Karamihas G. Anlas 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(4):529-535
To investigate static tire enveloping characteristics, a three dimensional (3-D) finite element model is proposed. The vertical
stiffness of the tire is studied on a flat surface with and without cleat. Tire rubber materials and cord layers are represented
independently using “rebar” elements available in MSC Marc Mentat. Comparisons of numerical and experimental results are given
to show the validity of the proposed model. It is shown that after a certain displacement, the results of the proposed model
agree well with experimental results. In addition, the model results show that regardless of the type of the cleat placed
under the rim center (hub center), all vertical force curves intersect after a certain displacement, which indicates typical
static enveloping characteristics. Moreover, another typical characteristic of the radial tires that is unlike those of bias-ply
constructions confirms that the contact patch does not expand laterally after a level vertical load is applied to the tire,
which is directly related to fuel consumption and tire tread life. 相似文献
58.
The location of bus garages is a complex issue that has received recent attention in the literature. Given a bus system, the number of bus garages and their locations depend on garage cost, deadheading cost and environmental impacts. An approximate analytical model is used to determine the number of bus garages that minimizes the above costs. The concept of a slowly varying density of bus-route origins (hence deadheads) per unit area is used to model deadheading costs. The increased deadheading caused by breakdowns and accidents is also considered. The garage cost is modeled as a function of the number of buses stored. A closed-form solution is obtained for the optimal density of garages, when the garage cost function is linear. The actual locations of garages and the allocations of buses to the garages are found using a discrete space location-allocation model formulated so as to consider the environmental impact associated with buses deadheading through populated neighborhoods. 相似文献
59.
Development of hot stamped center pillar using form die with channel type indirect blank holder 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. S. Choi B. M. Kim K. J. Nam S. Y. Ha S. H. Cha C. G. Kang 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(6):887-894
The hot stamping process has been used in the automotive industry to reduce the weight of the body-in-white and to increase
passenger safety via improved crashworthiness. However, defects such as fracture and wrinkle occur when hot stamping is performed
using a conventional drawing or forming method. In this study, a channel-type indirect blank holder (CIBH) is proposed to
develop a high-strength center pillar in form-type hot stamping, so that the aforementioned drawbacks are overcome. This type
of blank holder plays an important role in reducing severe wrinkling at the flange; such wrinkling leads to folding after
the completion of form-type hot-stamping. First, we investigated the effect of the channel shape on the indirect blank holding
force by using a simplified two-dimensional plane-strain stamping process. Second, we selected the slope angle and corner
radius of the channel as the main shape parameters by finite element analysis and artificial neural network (ANN). It is known
that fracture at the hot formed wall and wrinkle at the flange are significantly affected by the slope angle of the channel,
and the appropriate value for eliminating fracture and wrinkle is determined to be 99°. By performing hot stamping using a
form die with the selected channel, we can manufacture a high-strength center pillar without wrinkle and fracture. 相似文献
60.
J. Ejsmont S. Taryma G. Ronowski B. Swieczko-Zurek 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2016,17(2):237-244
Tyre load and inflation pressure are important factors controlling rolling resistance of road vehicles. The article presents results obtained in the Technical University of Gdańsk during laboratory and road measurements of different car tyres rolling on different pavements. The knowledge of rolling resistance characteristics is important for modelling car dynamics as well as fuel consumption. It is also necessary to establish proper test conditions in the future standardized on-road method of measuring rolling resistance. The results indicate that while an increase of load always leads to the increase of rolling resistance force, the influence on Coefficient of Rolling Resistance is more complicated and unpredictable. They also indicate that tyres with high rolling resistance are more sensitive to inflation pressure changes than low rolling resistance tyres. 相似文献