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981.
N. Shashikumar 《Maritime Policy and Management》1989,16(1):13-26
The US Shipping Act of 1984 permits ocean liner vessel operators and shippers to make use of service contracts to further their mutual interests. However, starting from the very day this novel provision was incorporated into the Act, it has remained as a bone of contention between shippers and carriers serving US trade routes. This article highlights the major issues that have sprouted subsequent to the introduction of service contracts in ocean liner shipping. The author concludes with some logical suggestions to fine-tune the Act, without interfering with its legislative framework. 相似文献
982.
983.
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985.
B. N. Metaxas 《Maritime Policy and Management》1978,5(1):51-61
In this paper the author traces the evolution of state subsidization of national shipping enterprises, and analyses the processes whereby such enterprises are dependent (to an increasing extent as time passes) on international factors. 相似文献
986.
Telephone‐interview surveys are a very efficient way of conducting large‐scale travel surveys. Recent advancements in computer technology have made it possible to improve upon the quality of data collected by telephone surveys through computerization of the entire sample‐control process, and through the direct recording of the collected data into a computer. Notwithstanding these technological advancements, potential sources of bias still exist, including the reliance on an adult member of the household to report the travel information of other household members. Travel data collected in a recent telephone interview survey in the Toronto region is used to examine this issue. The statistical tool used in the research was the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique as implemented within the general linear model framework in SAS. The study‐results indicate that reliance on informants to provide travel information for non‐informant members of their respective households led to the underreporting of some categories of trips. These underreported trip categories were primarily segments of home‐based discretionary trips, and non home‐based trips. Since these latter two categories of trips are made primarily outside the morning peak period, estimated factors to adjust for their underreporting were time‐period sensitive. Further, the number of vehicles available to the household, gender, and driver license status respectively were also found to be strongly associated with the underreporting of trips and thus were important considerations in the determination of adjustment factors. Work and school trips were found not to be underreported, a not surprising result giving the almost daily repetitiveness of trips made for these purposes and hence the ability of the informant to provide relatively more precise information on them. 相似文献
987.
Michael N. Tamvakis 《Maritime Policy and Management》1995,22(1):81-90
Developments in environmental legislation have exercised increased pressure on the tanker sector to improve its quality. To date, the most influential and, indisputably, the most controversial piece of legislation against oil pollution is the U.S. Oil Pollution Act that was introduced in 1990. This paper attempts an empirical examination of the effects of these developments in the spot freight market. Using a database of Worldscale fixtures over a period of four and a half years, a series of statistical tests was performed with the aim of detecting the existence of any premium paid for vessels of lower age, double hull construction, or trading to the U.S.A. The results were mixed, indicating in several cases some form of premia for US.-bound vessels, but less evidence of premia for lower age and better hull construction. 相似文献
988.
989.
Prianka N. Seneviratne 《先进运输杂志》1988,22(1):39-53
Travel time on fixed route urban bus route is discussed. Given that the travel time is a function of three basic variables, Monte Carlo procedure is used to simulate trips during a specific time interval. Each variable is assumed to have a specific probability distribution with known or estimatable parameters. It is shown that this micro-computer simulation model can be used for examining the effects of traffic management schemes, number of stops and passenger demand on travel time, and subsequently fleet size and level of service. 相似文献
990.