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161.
The phytoplankton of the Ross Sea have been intensively studied, in contrast to that of the Amundsen Sea. This study focused on understanding the environmental variables that influence the spatial patterns of assemblages during late summer, 2007, and late spring-early summer, 2008 in the Amundsen and Ross Seas. Blooms of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica, and the silicoflagellate Dictyocha speculum occurred in the southwestern to eastern parts of the Ross Sea, respectively, whereas diatoms dominated in southeastern Ross and the Amundsen Sea. Shallow mixed layers supported the growth of diatoms, but were not the only factor required for diatom bloom development. Modified Circumpolar Deep Water intruded into the subsurface waters (< 200 m) in the southwestern Ross Sea during February 2007, and possibly favored the formation of P. antarctica blooms. Photosynthetic quantum yield data suggest that blooms from the southwestern Ross Sea were approaching stress during January 2008, likely due to iron limitation, in contrast to blooms close to the ice edge in the Amundsen Sea, where iron may be more available to the phytoplankton. A detailed comparison between the Amundsen and Ross Seas may allow a greater understanding of the environmental-induced impacts on phytoplankton distribution and regional biogeochemical cycles. 相似文献
162.
J. M. Lee N. W. Sung G. B. Cho K. O. Oh 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(3):307-316
An analytical study of the performance of a radial-type, metal foam diesel particulate filter is reported. A mathematical
model for the filtration and regeneration of soot in a metal foam filter was developed. Nickel foam was selected for the filter
medium due to its large specific area, high porosity, and high thermal resistance. For various metal foams, the filtration
efficiency and the pressure drop through the filter were calculated, as was the deposition of soot. The results from the analytical
model were compared with experimental data. In comparison with a conventional wall flow filter, the metal foam diesel particulate
filter (DPF) is effective in utilizing the volume of material, due to the porous structures. As the size of the metal foam
pores in the DPF increases from 580 μm to 800 μm, the filtration efficiency decreases from 90% to 50%, and the pressure drop
decreases from 380 mbar to 20 mbar. The metal foam DPF with a large pore size is effective in utilizing the volume of material
with a small pressure drop. The regeneration is completed within four minutes by the flow of hot exhaust gases under full
load conditions. 相似文献
163.
We develop a short turning model using demand information from station to station within a single bus line-single period setting,
aimed at increasing the service frequency on the more loaded sections to deal with spatial concentration of demand considering
both operators’ and users’ costs. We find analytical expressions for optimal values of the design variables, namely frequencies
(inside and outside the short cycle), capacity of vehicles and the position of the short turn limit stations. These expressions
are used to analyze the influence of different parameters in the final solution. The design variables and the corresponding
cost components for operators and users (waiting and in-vehicle times) are compared against an optimized normal operation
scheme (single frequency). Applications on actual transit corridors exhibiting different demand profiles are conducted, calculating
the optimal values for the design variables and the resulting benefits for each case. Results show the typical demand configurations
that are better served using a short turn strategy. 相似文献
164.
The aim of this paper is to propose a model for the design of a robust rapid transit network. In this paper, a network is said to be robust when the effect of disruption on total trip coverage is minimized. The proposed model is constrained by three different kinds of flow conditions. These constraints will yield a network that provides several alternative routes for given origin–destination pairs, therefore increasing robustness. The paper includes computational experiments which show how the introduction of robustness influences network design. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
165.
Estimation of parking accumulation profiles from survey data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Parking accumulation profiles at car parks are time-dependent quantities that require data from lengthy observation surveys. However, it is found that car parks can be clustered into groups based on the similarity in the shape of their accumulation profiles. This procedure increases the efficiency of the survey data collected for this purpose. This paper describes a method developed to estimate aggregate parking accumulation profiles at different districts in a city. The planning of the survey conducted in Hong Kong in the year 2000 and the results of the data analysis are also described. 相似文献
166.
We estimate spatial hedonic price functions to examine local and regional accessibility benefits of commuter rail service
in Eastern Massachusetts, while controlling for proximity-related negative externalities and other confounding influences.
The data include 1,860 single-family residential properties from four municipalities with commuter rail service, and three
municipalities without commuter rail service. We find some evidence of the capitalization of accessibility to commuter rail
stations. Two model specifications suggest that properties located in municipalities with commuter rail stations exhibit values
that are between 9.6% and 10.1% higher than properties in municipalities without a commuter rail station. With a third model
we detect weak evidence of the capitalization of auto access time or walking time to the stations, suggesting that properties
located within a one-half mile buffer of a station have values that are 10.1% higher than properties located outside of this
buffer area and that an additional minute of drive time from the station is related to a decrease of 1.6% in property values.
Our results also indicate that proximity to commuter rail right-of-way has a significant negative effect on property values,
which suggests that for every 1,000 ft. in distance from the commuter rail right-of-way, property values are between $732
and $2,897 higher, all else held equal. At the mean sample values, this result translates into an elasticity of between 0.03
and 0.13, depending on the functional form of the hedonic price equation. 相似文献
167.
Braking Force Distribution Control for Improved Vehicle Dynamics and Brake Performance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. Nakazawa O. Isobe S. Takahashi Y. Watanabe 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1995,24(4):413-426
This paper describes the feasibility of improving the braking performance of a commercial vehicle by using an electronic braking system. An electronic braking system enables the braking force at each wheel to be independently controlled. Braking force distribution control makes the braking force at each wheel proportional to each wheel's load. Results of computer simulation and vehicle test showed that the proposed control laws can eliminate the effects of a laden condition on the braking distance and can increase the degree of deceleration at which wheel lock occurs, resulting in improved vehicle attitude stability during a critical maneuver. 相似文献
168.
169.
J. W. Lee Y. I. Jeong M. W. Jung K. O. Cha S. I. Kwon J. C. Kim S. Park 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(4):397-403
In recent years, particle number emissions rather than particulate mass emissions in automotive engines have become the subject
with controversial discussions. Recent results from studies of health effects imply that it is possible that particulate mass
does not properly correlate with the variety of health effects attributed to engine exhaust. The concern is now focusing on
nano-sized particles emitted from I. C. engines. In this study, particulate mass and particle number concentration emitted
from light-duty vehicles were investigated for a better understanding of the characteristics of the engine PM from different
types of fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel. Engine nano-particle mass and size distributions of four test vehicles were
measured by a condensation particle counter system, which is recommended by the particle measurement program in Europe (PMP),
at the end of a dilution tunnel along a NEDC test mode on a chassis dynamometer. We found that particle number concentrations
of diesel passenger vehicles with DPF system are lower than gasoline passenger vehicles, but PM mass has some similar values.
However, in diesel vehicles with DPF system, PM mass and particle number concentrations were greatly influenced by PM regeneration.
Particle emissions in light-duty vehicles emitted about 90% at the ECE15 cycle in NEDC test mode, regardless of vehicle fuel
type. Particle emissions at the early cold condition of engine were highly emitted in the test mode. 相似文献
170.
Although panels offer significant advantages over cross sectional data especially in terms of evaluating the effects of significant
policy changes, there are precious few examples of panels built around an important change to an urban transport system. For
this reason we took the opportunity of the introduction of Transantiago, a radically new public transport system for Santiago
de Chile in February 2007, to form a panel, the first wave of which was taken in December 2006. The final objective was to
use this Santiago Panel to estimate mode choice models considering both inertia and policy effects. This document describes both the design and construction
of the panel, and presents some results based on an analysis of its four waves; for example, we registered a high percentage
of mode change (55.1%) attributable to the introduction of the new system. The panel can claim the highest response rate (or
lowest attrition) reported in the literature (95% in the second wave, 92% in the third one, and 85% in the forth one). This
hints at the possibility of developing sophisticated models to evaluate the effects of a system shock in the presence of inertia
in decision making. 相似文献