Detection and Classification of Vehicles by Measurement of Road-Pavement Vibration and by Means of Supervised Machine Learning

Road vehicle detection and, to a lesser extent, classification have received considerable attention, in particular for the purpose of traffic monitoring by transportation authorities. A multitude of sensors and systems have been developed to assist people in traffic monitoring. Camera-based systems have enjoyed wide adoption over the last decade, partially substituting for more traditional techniques. Methods based on road-pavement vibration are not as common as camera-based systems. However, vibration sensors may be of interest when sensors must be out of sight and insensitive to environmental conditions, such as fog. We present and discuss our work on detection and classification of vehicles by measurement of road-pavement vibration and by means of supervised machine learning. We describe the entire processing chain from sensor data acquisition to vehicle classification and discuss our results for the task of vehicle detection and the task of vehicle classification separately. Using data for a single vibration sensor, our results show a performance ranging between 94% and near 100% for the detection task (1340 samples) and between 43% and 86% for the classification task (experiment specific, between 454 and 1243 samples).     

德国不限速高速公路路面平整度评价方法综述

平整度是衡量路面质量、评价行车舒适度的重要指标。德国拥有12.993万km的高速公路，其中约2/3的路段没有速度限制，因此德国交通管理部门对路面的功能性和安全性提出了极高的要求。针对上述课题，首先介绍中国"超级公路"的建设背景和需求，强调德国路面的平整度指标对中国道路建设的重要借鉴意义；然后回顾国内外道路平整度的评价和预测等研究手段与方法，介绍德国基于功率谱密度曲线的平均不平整指数（AUN），分析将功率谱密度曲线转化为高度-波长曲线的优点，叙述考虑人车振动反应的有效平整度指数（LWI），简述加权纵断面评价方法（WLP）的思路和步骤；最后总结德国路面平整度评价体系的发展趋势和对于中国道路平整度研究的借鉴与应用前景。     

Ballast water management in the Baltic Sea

The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), comprising of nine Baltic Sea countries and the European Union, is working to protect the Baltic Sea from all sources of pollution, including biological pollution from alien species. HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, singed by Contracting States’ environmentministers and EU, includes a Road Map for harmonized implementation and ratification of the International Convention for Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, with an overall aim of all Baltic Sea countries ratifying the Convention latest in 2013.     

An Airport Experience Framework from a Tourism Perspective

This study, by integrating the perspectives of sociological, psychological, and service marketing and management, all of which affect the passenger experience, proposes a theoretical framework for the creation of the airport experience in relation to tourism. This research responds to the current phenomenon in which airports are offering other types of experiences within the airport terminal, expanding the role of an airport from being a utility for transportation into a place where various and different values can be offered. This research explores the current airport experience and adds to research on airport experience by clarifying ten key components necessary for airport passenger experience propositions based on existing research, the current industry phenomena, and the empirical study. The paper also underlines those components that can enhance passenger experience in relation to tourism and highlights the role that airports contribute to a destination.     

Impacts of highly automated vehicles on travel demand: macroscopic modeling methods and some results

Automated vehicles (AV) will change transport supply and influence travel demand. To evaluate those changes, existing travel demand models need to be extended. This paper presents ways of integrating characteristics of AV into traditional macroscopic travel demand models based on the four-step algorithm. It discusses two model extensions. The first extension allows incorporating impacts of AV on traffic flow performance by assigning specific passenger car unit factors that depend on roadway type and the capabilities of the vehicles. The second extension enables travel demand models to calculate demand changes caused by a different perception of travel time as the active driving time is reduced. The presented methods are applied to a use case of a regional macroscopic travel demand model. The basic assumption is that AV are considered highly but not fully automated and still require a driver for parts of the trip. Model results indicate that first-generation AV, probably being rather cautious, may decrease traffic performance. Further developed AV will improve performance on some parts of the network. Together with a reduction in active driving time, cars will become even more attractive, resulting in a modal shift towards car. Both circumstances lead to an increase in time spent and distance traveled.

     

Market Orientation in Public Transport Research—A Review

It is commonly argued that, in order to meet increasing competition, public transport organizations and systems need to be market oriented. Even though the notion of market orientationhas not been explicitly addressed in public transport research, studies relevant to market orientation have been conducted. The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of market orientation into the field of public transport, to review previous research into market orientation in public transport research, and to suggest directions for future research. Market orientation is defined as the generation and dissemination of market intelligence by organizations, as well as responses to it. The review suggests that previous academic research has focused on intelligence generation by developing and using models for measuring travel behaviour, stated preferences, perceived customer quality, and satisfaction. Studies of responsiveness have mainly addressed the physical improvements made in public transport organizations, which is also the primary concern of the industry research accounted for. There has been less research into the dissemination of market intelligence, the drivers of market orientation, the relations between the elements, and the overall concept of market orientation in public transport. It is thus concluded that future public transport research needs to address these issues.     

高性能聚氨酯透水混合料关键性能研究

透水路面铺装是海绵城市道路建设的重要组成部分,由高性能聚氨酯透水混合料（PUPM）构筑的环境友好型透水路面铺装展现出了独特的应用价值。为进一步明确PUPM的路用关键性能,参照国家及行业现行标准和规范,采用室内试验的方式,基于力学性能、功能特性以及空隙细观特性探索了PUPM与多孔沥青混合料（PA）的差异性。通过单轴压缩试验、单轴动态蠕变试验、低温抗裂性能和水稳定性能试验,评价了其力学性能;通过透水性能试验、抗剥落性能试验和吸声性能试验,评价了其功能特性;采用X-ray CT技术,选用空隙率、空隙等效半径、有效空隙率以及迂曲度等空隙细观结构参数,评价了其细观结构特性。结果表明：PUPM在20℃条件下的单轴抗压强度为17~19 MPa,较PA具有更强的抵抗永久变形能力、抵抗低温开裂能力、抵抗低温荷载破坏能力和抵抗水损害的能力;PUPM的透水能力约为PA的4倍,在长时间磨光作用下展现出良好的抗剥落性能,同时具有良好的吸声性能;PUPM空隙率为28%~29%,空隙等效半径等空隙细观结构参数沿试件纵向呈现出不均匀分布状态;PUPM相较PA具有更大的空隙等效半径、有效空隙率及迂曲度。PUPM因其具有出色的力学性能和功能特性,在透水路面铺装方面具有更广阔的应用前景。     

On the dynamics of oxygen,phosphorus and cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea; A model study

Oxygen and phosphorus dynamics and cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea are discussed using results from the Swedish Coastal and Ocean Biogeochemical model (SCOBI) coupled to the Rossby Centre Ocean model (RCO). The high-resolution circulation model is used to simulate the time period from 1902 to 1998 using reconstructed physical forcing and climatological nutrient loads of the late 20th century. The analysis of the results covers the last 30 years of the simulation period. The results emphasize the importance of internal phosphorus and oxygen dynamics, the variability of physical conditions and the natural long-term variability of phosphorus supplies from land on the phosphorus content in the Baltic Sea. These mechanisms play an important role on the variability of available surface layer phosphorus in late winter in the Baltic Sea. The content of cyanobacteria increases with the availability of phosphorus in the surface layers of the Baltic proper and the probability for large cyanobacteria blooms in the model is rapidly increased at higher concentrations of excess dissolved inorganic phosphorus in late winter. The natural increase of phosphorus supplies from land due to increased river runoff since the early 1970s may to a large degree explain the increased phosphorus content in the Baltic proper. Another significant fraction of the increase is explained by the release of phosphorus from increased anoxic areas during the period. These results refer to the long-term variability of the phosphorus cycle. In accordance to earlier publications is the short-term (i.e. interannual) variability of the phosphorus content in the Baltic proper mainly explained by oxygen dependent sediment fluxes.