全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1998篇 |
免费 | 22篇 |
专业分类
公路运输 | 773篇 |
综合类 | 67篇 |
水路运输 | 529篇 |
铁路运输 | 49篇 |
综合运输 | 602篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 26篇 |
2021年 | 12篇 |
2020年 | 16篇 |
2019年 | 12篇 |
2018年 | 75篇 |
2017年 | 86篇 |
2016年 | 170篇 |
2015年 | 19篇 |
2014年 | 53篇 |
2013年 | 228篇 |
2012年 | 113篇 |
2011年 | 185篇 |
2010年 | 166篇 |
2009年 | 86篇 |
2008年 | 138篇 |
2007年 | 73篇 |
2006年 | 37篇 |
2005年 | 46篇 |
2004年 | 29篇 |
2003年 | 23篇 |
2002年 | 25篇 |
2001年 | 27篇 |
2000年 | 27篇 |
1999年 | 26篇 |
1998年 | 23篇 |
1997年 | 18篇 |
1996年 | 18篇 |
1995年 | 28篇 |
1994年 | 13篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 12篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有2020条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
181.
Abstract The estimation of annual average daily traffic (AADT) is an important parameter collected and maintained by all US departments of transportation. There have been many past research studies that have focused on ways to improve the estimation of AADT. This paper builds upon previous research and compares eight methods, both traditional and cluster-based methodologies, for aggregating monthly adjustment factors for heavy-duty vehicles (US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) vehicle classes 4–13). In addition to the direct comparison between the methodologies, the results from the analysis of variance show at the 95% confidence level that the four cluster-based methods produce statistically lower variance and coefficient of variation over the more traditional approaches. In addition to these findings – which are consistent with previous total volume studies – further analysis is performed to compare total heavy-duty monthly adjustment factors, both directions of traffic, with direction-based monthly adjustment factors. The final results show that the variance as well as the coefficient of variation improve on average by 25% when directional aggregate monthly adjustment factors are used instead of total direction. 相似文献
182.
An altimeter data assimilation scheme has been tested in the OCCAM (Ocean Circulation and Climate Advanced Modelling) global 1/4°, 36-level model using a twin experiment format. The Cooper and Haines displacement scheme is used. The method works well in most regions and depths. Currents and densities in the top 1000 m generally improve by over 50–70% after 5 months of sea level assimilation every 15 days. Below 1000 m, an error reduction of up to 50% is achieved. The errors remain low during a further 60-day run without assimilation. Diagnostics for the North Atlantic, the Tropical Pacific and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current are shown alongside the global averages.The main problems encountered were in weakly stratified regions of the Antarctic and Arctic seas. A scale selective filter is developed to avoid assimilating scales much larger than the local deformation radius, and this avoids the adverse assimilation effects in the southern oceans. A companion paper uses this scheme to assimilate TOPEX and ERS-1 altimeter maps. 相似文献
183.
The structure of the French rail network is highly centralized. It complies with the strategy of use of the incumbent operator, SNCF: the long-term trend has been rather towards the concentration of traffic on a limited number of well-equipped routes. The experience of freight market liberalization shows that seven newcomers have entered the market. They haul approximately 16% of the total volume in 2010. But they have neither the same vision of the network, nor the same use of it. They run point-to-point long-distance trains, so they try to travel via lines that are as direct as possible, thereby saving several kilometres and avoiding problematic bottlenecks. Their strategies are counteracted by the current state of the infrastructures when they try to avoid the main radial lines: limited capacity, speed and axle load restrictions, etc. Upgrading works are now in progress, under the direction of RFF, the network manager. They add perturbations to the existing restriction of use, without any satisfying alternative train path. This paper tries to emphasize the strategic divergences between operators confronted with a time-consuming (or insufficiently anticipated) network. 相似文献
184.
185.
Structural pipe-in-pipe cross sections have significant potential for application in offshore oil and gas production systems
because they combine thermal insulation performance with structural strength and self weight in an integrated way. Such cross
sections comprise inner and outer thin-walled pipes with the annulus between them fully filled by a selectable filler material
to impart an appropriate combination of properties. Structural pipe-in-pipe cross sections can exhibit several different collapse
mechanisms, and the basis of the preferential occurrence of one over the others is of interest. This article presents an exact
analysis for predicting the elastic buckling behaviours of a structural pipe-in-pipe cross section when subjected to external
hydrostatic pressure. Simplified approximations are also investigated for elastic buckling pressure and mode when the outer
pipe and its contact with the filler material is considered as a pipe on an elastic foundation. Results are presented to show
the variation of elastic buckling pressure with the relative elastic modulus of the filler and pipe materials, the filler
thickness, and the thicknesses of the inner and outer pipes. Case studies based on realistic application scenarios are used
to show that the simplified approximations are sufficiently accurate for practical structural design purposes. 相似文献
186.
Ioannis K. Chatjigeorgiou Spyros A. Mavrakos 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2007,12(4):218-231
This work considers the second-order sum-frequency diffraction problem for a stationary truncated surface-piercing circular
cylinder in bichromatic waves. The solution method was based on a semianalytical formulation of the second-order sum-frequency
diffraction potential. The boundary conditions were properly satisfied by introducing the “locked” and the “free” wave components
of the nonlinear velocity potential. The method was validated by comparing the calculated results with numerical data previously
reported by other authors. Particular attention was paid to the second-order sum-frequency heave forces and the change in
the wave run-up configuration due to the existence of the lower fluid domain underneath the truncated cylinder. 相似文献
187.
Proshanto K. Mukherjee 《WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs》2007,6(2):147-166
Within the comprehensive body of law encompassed by the International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS), there
are two regimes that are topical and outstanding in the current maritime milieu. These are the international safety management
and the international ship and port facility regimes, both characterized by two codes serving as the centre of gravity of
each, namely, the ISM Code and the ISPS Code, respectively. In this article the concept of the code as a legal instrument
is perused following which a critical legal analysis is carried out of the two above-mentioned Codes, including their backgrounds,
the evolutionary process culminating into the regimes and their interrelationships. Several anomalies and inadequacies in
the two regimes are identified but in the final analysis it is concluded that both instruments are salutary additions to the
body of convention law generated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). They will undoubtedly influence the continuing
development of international law in the field of maritime safety and security. 相似文献
188.
The transport demand in most major cities around the world can only be met with a high‐quality public transport system. The requirements on bus, rail, underground and tram systems are manifold with reliability and efficiency as the key factors. The service operating hours and the size of the network are often extended in order to serve the needs better. Further, most metropolitan areas are trying to provide more incentives for citizens to leave the car at home and use the local transit systems instead. The reasons are well known. Not only does a public transport system only make economical sense if it is well used, but most urban areas with a high car‐dependency face at least three major problems; safety, congestion, and pollution (noise and air pollution, land separation, etc.). It is generally recognised that to decrease car usage and to increase public transport usage a stick & carrot approach is needed. The London congestion‐charging scheme is an example since all revenues collected by the scheme are put into the improvement of bus and underground services. 相似文献
189.
Marine ecosystem models are becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated, and are being used to estimate the effects of future changes in the earth system with a view to informing important policy decisions. Despite their potential importance, far too little attention has been, and is generally, paid to model errors and the extent to which model outputs actually relate to real-world processes. With the increasing complexity of the models themselves comes an increasing complexity among model results. If we are to develop useful modelling tools for the marine environment we need to be able to understand and quantify the uncertainties inherent in the simulations. Analysing errors within highly multivariate model outputs, and relating them to even more complex and multivariate observational data, are not trivial tasks. Here we describe the application of a series of techniques, including a 2-stage self-organising map (SOM), non-parametric multivariate analysis, and error statistics, to a complex spatio-temporal model run for the period 1988–1989 in the Southern North Sea, coinciding with the North Sea Project which collected a wealth of observational data. We use model output, large spatio-temporally resolved data sets and a combination of methodologies (SOM, MDS, uncertainty metrics) to simplify the problem and to provide tractable information on model performance. The use of a SOM as a clustering tool allows us to simplify the dimensions of the problem while the use of MDS on independent data grouped according to the SOM classification allows us to validate the SOM. The combination of classification and uncertainty metrics allows us to pinpoint the variables and associated processes which require attention in each region. We recommend the use of this combination of techniques for simplifying complex comparisons of model outputs with real data, and analysis of error distributions. 相似文献
190.
克诺尔机车车辆制动公司开发了模块化的标准制动控制系统MBS,只需较少的费用就可适应欧洲铁路运输企业的各种不同要求.制动系统必须按用户的专门要求来开发.可适配的模块化MBS系统可用于欧洲各国的跨境运输,能满足欧洲不同的安全性规定.系统具有重量轻、所需安装位置小、寿命周期费用低、机车车辆使用率高的优点.Bombardier公司、德国铁路公司、瑞士和奥地利联邦铁路已从中获益. 相似文献