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271.
272.
Much has been written and spoken about short sea shipping within the European Union (EU) as a means of shifting goods from road to sea and of achieving a sustainable economic development. However, this shift is far from being a general reality, despite the few individual, and success stories that have taken place and the EUROSTAT data suggest that the overall effort has contributed very little towards attaining this desired shift. In the light of this, research was conducted to discover how to put short sea shipping on a more competitive level within European multimodal logistics supply chains. This paper aims at identifying service attributes of short sea shipping operations within multimodal transport chains by means of a questionnaire and, for that, examines the short sea shipping environment and contemporary European logistics trends. The analysis is based on empirical research, involving logistics operators, shippers' associations and intermodal rail operators, and allows an evaluation (based on statistical techniques) of the short sea shipping industry and its competitors. It extends previous work by considering these short sea shipping attributes within a multimodal transport context. 相似文献
273.
This paper continues to debate the importance of understanding in the NSW Bus reform process of the relationship between central agencies, service providers, the academic community, key consultants and contractors within the setting of the transport service organisation framework. Sydney is a modern city with heavy rail, light-rail, monorail and an extensive Harbour, with bus services owned by Government as well as private interests. The paper addresses the case for reforms, the approach taken, competition policy, the subsequent development of partnerships, performance of the regulator, passenger benefits, growth and the differences between Metropolitan/Outer Metropolitan and Regional and Rural bus services. 相似文献
274.
Defining and understanding trip chaining behaviour 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Frank Primerano Michael A. P. Taylor Ladda Pitaksringkarn Peter Tisato 《Transportation》2008,35(1):55-72
Trip chaining is a phenomenon that we know exists but rarely investigate. This could be attributed to either the difficulty
in defining trip chains, extracting such information from travel diary surveys, the difficulty in analysing all the possible
trip chain types, or all of the above. Household travel diary surveys provide a wealth of information on the travel patterns
of individuals and households. Since such surveys collect all information related to travel undertaken, in theory it should
be possible to extract trip-chaining characteristics of travel from them. Due to the difficulty in establishing and analysing
all of the possible trip chain types, the majority of research on trip chaining has appeared to focus on work travel only.
However, work related travel in many cities does not represent the majority of activities undertaken and, for some age groups,
does not represent any travel at all. This paper begins by reviewing existing research in the field of trip chaining. In particular,
investigations into the definitions of trip chaining, the defined typologies of trip chains and the research questions that
have been addressed are explored. This review of previous research into trip chaining facilitates the following tasks: the
identification of the most useful questions to be addressed by this research; defining trip chaining and associated typologies
and defining data structures to extract trip chaining information from the household travel surveys conducted in metropolitan
Adelaide, South Australia. The definition and typology developed in our research was then used to extract trip-chaining information
from the household travel diary survey (MAHTS99) conducted in Adelaide in 1999. The extracted trip chaining information was
then used to investigate trip-chaining behaviour by households. The paper reports the results of this analysis and concludes
with a summary of the findings and recommendations for further investigations. 相似文献
275.
全新的梅赛德斯C63 AMG和雷克萨斯IS F信誓旦旦,扬言要瓜分顶级豪车的市场。我们将它们同宝马最新的4门M3和目前该车系的佼佼者Audi RS4放到一起同场竞技,看看哪一台可以让驾驶者最为吃惊。 相似文献
276.
277.
It has been known for decades that particle-size and biomass spectra show regular patterns in the ocean, and that these patterns often show systematic variations with other properties such as total biomass, nutrient concentration, season, and distance (both vertical and horizontal). The recent finding of the ubiquitous nature of layers of phytoplankton < 1 m thick prompted us to explore the fine- and microscale vertical variations of size- and fluorescence-abundance spectra in the ocean. Using a two-dimensional planar laser imaging system mounted on a free-falling platform, we quantified the properties of large fluorescent particles ( 20 μm–2 cm) through the water column, obtaining images every 10–30 cm. These images showed systematic relationships of the spectral properties to total chlorophyll: increased proportions of the smallest particles at high chlorophyll concentrations, and a lengthening of the spectral size range at high total chlorophyll concentrations (more large particles at high chlorophyll concentrations). Further, we observed significant variations of the spectral properties over scales of 1 m and less, and recorded the frequent occurrence of unusual layers of large particles. Our new instrument, which is sensitive to thin layers of enhanced phytoplankton biomass, shows the planktonic community to be highly structured vertically on scales of 1–2 m, particularly within the DCM. 相似文献
278.
279.
Peter Stokes 《Maritime Policy and Management》2013,40(4):397-405
This papers examines the reasons for the shipping industry's general failure to exploit the enormous capital raising potential offered by the world's major security markets. The basic reason put forward is one of joint ignorance and lack a of communication. On the one hand shipping perceives the market as being unsympathetic to its requierments. On the other hand, the Stock market assess it as a minor activity and this is combined with a presumption of industrial instability. An analysis of recent initial public offering of equaity options in shipping highlights the inadequacy of companies who have ventured that way. In particular it is pointed out that shipping companies who embark on such a course must not forget that equaity is, at one end the same time, the cheapest and the most expensive money which they can raise. There is a further underlying problem for the industry, which is that market capital raising neccessiates the loss of personal control. 相似文献
280.
Peter Clarke Tariq Muneer Kevin Cullinane 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2010,15(3):160-167
This paper presents an analysis of vehicle regenerative braking systems as a quick and relatively easy means of achieving higher overall fuel efficiency and lowering carbon emissions. The system involves the installation of an additional electric motor/generator in parallel to the vehicle’s internal combustion engine and is used in conjunction with a DCDC converter and ultracapacitor. The system is used to recapture the energy lost in vehicle braking, significantly reducing a vehicle’s overall energy consumption and lowering vehicle emissions. Experimentally-based evidence is collected and compared for two sample vehicles to deduce the potential fuel and emissions saving. 相似文献