地图如何更新

地图更新的速度和内容,以及更新的便利性,是导航电子地图在产品面与功能面外另一项竞争力的体现。在国外,导航电子地图的用户当需要时或遇到旧版软件内容错误,就可立即联网更新内容,而且使用者认证和升级程序全是自动进行,就像下载歌曲一样方便。     

F1 DNA回归——考斯沃斯回归F1

2006年,他们发现40年来首次在F1里没了位置。这段经历教会公司别把鸡蛋放在一个篮子里。而现在,他们回来了,北安普顿郡的汽车公园又一次高朋满座。     

The docks after deregulation

During the twelve months following the abolition of the National Dock Labour Scheme in July 1989 Britain's ports have witnessed a revolutionary period of change, with massive job losses, new working practices, and reports of major productivity improvements. The course of events during the 1989 national dock strike itself partly account for this transformation, but the deregulation of employment and the subsequent intensification of competition in the industry have been the key factors. To date, however, there is very little concrete evidence of a transformation in the performance of Britain's ports.     

Japanese highway planning: A western interpretation

At the 1952 Census, less than 6 percent of national highways and prefectural roads in Japan were paved, and mechanically-propelled vehicles accounted for only 6 percent of total vehicle registrations; by 1981, 2792 km of expressway were in service (an addi tional 2623 km were under construction or being surveyed) and her industry was dominating world markets for motor vehicles. This paper, drawing on material translated from the Japanese language, examines the history of transport planning and engineering ideas that inspired the modernisation of the highway system in the period after the Pacific War. Three distinct phases are identified: (a) a politically and economically dependent Japanese state which borrowed methods from the U.S.A. in formulating 5-year national road programmes; (b) a more independent state, absorbing western techniques and refining them in 23 urban transportation studies; and (c) a donor state, exporting these ideas to Southeast Asian cities as one instrument of Japanese foreign policy. The triad of international antecedents, domestic context and content, and foreign application is a suitable framework when interpreting the intricate relationships between transport and society.     

The role of public authorities

Advances in information technology and telecommunications are opening up the possibility of transforming the capture, application and dissemination of information on transport operations and road traffic, at the same time as growing congestion makes accurate and timely information more valuable than ever to users and managers. Because of open access to road networks, public authorities are bound to intervene in the field of travel information: in the provision of infrastructure, the handling of the information, the licensing of services, and the regulation of users affecting safety or social well-being. The paper discusses these rôles and the levels at which they may be exercised, with particular reference to standardisation issues in Europe and internationally.     

Evaluation of public transport: Method for application in open planning

This paper discusses a method to evaluate scheduled, fixed-route public transport. One major evaluation criterion in the method is total travel time, subdivided into walking time, waiting time, time on vehicle, transfer time, and concealed waiting time. The other major criterion is costs incurred by a given supply of transport. In contrast with conventional methods, this method operates with real measures, i.e. real location (instead of traffic zones), real time (instead of average travel time), and real costs (instead of proxy-costs). The purpose is to produce relevant and easily understandable results suitable to open planning, for instance planning with citizen participation. Five examples of application of the method are given: (1) evaluation of changes in suburban bus services; (2) evaluation of geographical localities as regards public transport; (3) evaluation of circular bus routes; (4) evaluation of flexible work hours versus fixed work hours and, finally; (5) production of user information on transport service.The research on evaluation of public transport was carried out in collaboration between Aalborg Municipality and the University of Aalborg 1980–1981. It was funded by the Department of Education, the University of Aarhus, Aalborg Municipality, the University of Aalborg's Data Centre and the University of Aalborg. The translation of this summary paper from Danish into English was funded and carried out by the Transport and Road Research Laboratories, Crowthorne, England.The paper summarizes: Bent Flyvbjerg, Kjeld Kahr, Peter Bo Petersen and Johs. Vibe-Petersen (1981).Evaluation of Public Transport — Method for Application in Open Planning. Vol. I & II. Aalborg University Press, Aalborg, 402 pp. In Danish.     

A scenario approach to airport evaluation in remote communities: with particular reference to the Pilbara region of Australia

Coordinated development of aviation facilities and services is critical for geographically remote communities. Improvements in aviation capability can be assisted by an analytical base for determining the implications of alternative configurations of air services in terms of links to be served, airport/aerodrome investment, type of flight equipment and flight frequency. We outline a method for identifying airport supply configurations to meet air service demand to and from the Pilbara region of north-west Australia. The approach emphasises minimum levels of demand required from a community in order to justify provision of air services of a given scenario. The method is influenced by the paucity of data on demand in remote communities, and the consequent risk of relying solely on demand-side forecasts of patronage levels. It is therefore particularly useful in assessing transport systems associated with remote resource development projects which are notable for the rapidity of change which they can bring. The approach has relevance to a wide range of transport applications.     

用于产生多层结构的帘式涂布

多层帘式涂布机只需经过一次涂布操作就能够赋予喷墨打印纸表面三层结构（底层、吸收层和顶层）,并能够在不均匀的纸张表面上获得均匀的涂层     

Simplified and advanced modelling of traction control systems of heavy-haul locomotives

Improving tractive effort is a very complex task in locomotive design. It requires the development of not only mechanical systems but also power systems, traction machines and traction algorithms. At the initial design stage, traction algorithms can be verified by means of a simulation approach. A simple single wheelset simulation approach is not sufficient because all locomotive dynamics are not fully taken into consideration. Given that many traction control strategies exist, the best solution is to use more advanced approaches for such studies. This paper describes the modelling of a locomotive with a bogie traction control strategy based on a co-simulation approach in order to deliver more accurate results. The simplified and advanced modelling approaches of a locomotive electric power system are compared in this paper in order to answer a fundamental question. What level of modelling complexity is necessary for the investigation of the dynamic behaviours of a heavy-haul locomotive running under traction? The simulation results obtained provide some recommendations on simulation processes and the further implementation of advanced and simplified modelling approaches.