《中国舰船研究》2019年第5期目录

[1] 喷水推进和泵喷推进的概念：共性、特性及区别…王永生（1）[2] 船舶推进轴系方案设计的关键技术研究进展…赖国军,刘金林,雷俊松,夏极,周瑞平,曾凡明（10）[3] 基于交互式赋权与证据推理的船舶主机优选…赵瑞嘉,谢新连,赵家保,王郅翔（22）[4] 锌镍单液流电池二维瞬态放电模型…姚寿广,赵倩,赵云辉,孙晓飞,程杰（28）[5] 柴油机舷侧排气喷淋流动及传热模拟…王振,吴炜,杨先勇,安一峰,刘元春（36）[6] 多光谱反演火焰温度及烟黑体积分数研究…章奇,司梦婷,王东旭,王安振,李灿,王振,罗自学,娄春,程强（42）[7] 船舶推进轴系弯—纵耦合效应的非线性振动特性…徐鹏,邹冬林,吕芳蕊,塔娜,饶柱石（49）[8] 饱和含液穿孔板条水润滑艉轴承减振性能研究…金勇,邝俊信,田相玉,劳坤胜,欧阳武,刘正林（58）[9] 水下航行体推进轴系多状态下的变形特征分析…余桐泉,李天匀,刘圣超,朱翔（64）[10] 基于体积力的海水自流循环系统流速确定方法…陈康,姚志崇,周恩东,夏彬（70）[11] 某船用柴油机排气管路流动分析及均匀性评估…李本钶,黄冰阳,李艳华,聂富成,叶晓明（77）[12] 潜艇通气管进气阀阻力特性分析及优化…胡海滨,周睿,周哲,刘义军（85）[13] 深海爬游机器人多腿位姿对巡游稳定性的影响…张康,王磊,冷文军,陈虹（90）[14] 水炮系统添加剂减阻分析及方案设想…林芃,高一民,蔡伟华,陈轶君,陈红超（98）[15] 水平开口有限空间油池火燃烧特性分析…陈兵,张世奇,时训先,黎昌海,陆守香（106）[16] 机械排烟时补风口高度对竖直单开口舱室火灾烟气特性的影响…邱金水,任广鲁,刘伯运,陈如木（112）[17] 邻近雷击电场环境模拟装置的设计与实现…王可,段艳涛,石立华,黄瑞涛,陈海林（119）[18] 密闭空间内爆炸准静态压力理论计算研究…徐维铮,吴卫国（124）[19] 基于波动理论的共振转换器减振特性分析…李良伟,赵耀（131）[20] 基于动柔度方法的管路动力吸振器设计研究…张琳,李华峰,陈勇,张涛,丁杨建（138）[21] 基于整数线性规划方法的舰载机航空保障资源优化调度…谭大力,王云飞,于连飞,朱承（145）[22] 基于视觉测量的舰载机空间定位方法…刘佳铭（152）[23] 罗经方位对准的收敛时间分析…何东旭,葛磊,张鑫,臧新乐（159）     

Donor states and donee states: investigating geographic redistribution of the US federal-aid highway program 1974–2008

In 2009, the US government spent more than $42 billion on the federal-aid highway program. Most of this money was raised from motor vehicle taxes, whose proceeds are deposited in the highway trust fund. Federal motor vehicle user taxes flow into the fund and aid expenditures flow out from it to build and maintain highways and other transportation infrastructure. With so much money at stake it should be no surprise that expenditure decisions are the subject of intense political debate. Chief among these debates is the conflict between donor states, whose residents pay more in highway user taxes than the state receives in federal highway aid and donee states, whose residents pay less in highway user taxes than the state receives in highway aid. While this geographic redistribution has been masked recently by infusions of general fund revenue into the trust fund, the debate nevertheless continues. This paper attempts to understand why some states are donors and others are donees by simultaneously testing four hypotheses about the geographic redistribution of federal highway dollars that relate to a state’s highway need, economic condition, level of urbanization, and representation on the key Congressional oversight committees. The analyses show that redistribution does not favor states with larger highway systems, more highway use, or lower median incomes, all of which are different indicators of need. Instead, states that are less urban and better represented on the four key Congressional committees generally benefit from redistribution. These findings indicate that the user tax revenues are not used in places where they are most needed. Thus they provide little empirical support for any compelling policy argument for continued geographic redistribution of federal highway user tax dollars.     

Appropriate mass transit for developing cities

This paper is concerned with the majority of developing nations who lack large resources for public sector projects. It questions the basis of much mass transit planning and attempts to put forward a more efficient way of reaching decisions. It calls extensively on experience of Metro Manila, capital of the Philippines, where an innovative system of metropolitan planning and administration is throwing a new light on ‘appropriate’ investment in such developing cities.

Mass transit systems as currently conceived in such developing cities—fully segregated rail‐based systems—are unlikely to be affordable (at least for many years) and in consequence scarce resources should not be devoted to developing and evaluating them. Rather, the principal objective should be to provide low‐cost, affordable mass transit—affordable to governments and to passengers. This almost certainly points to road‐based systems, or predominantly at‐grade light rail transit (LRT) systems, which are usually regarded as ‘obviously unworkable’ in developing city environments.

This judgement is questioned and it is suggested the potential of LRT to provide appropriate low‐cost mass transit is not being realized. An approach to determining its potential applicability is proposed. If feasible it should be evaluated against road‐based systems before decisions to implement new mass transit systems are taken.

While circumstances vary between countries the central message of this paper—that public sector resources have a very high opportunity cost which make all but the lowest‐cost mass transit systems very difficult to justify—will hold in all but the higher‐income developing economies.     

Discrete dynamic models for freeway incident detection systems

This paper considers the problem of freeway incident detection within the general framework of computer‐based freeway surveillance and control. A new approach to the detection of freeway traffic incidents is presented based on a discrete‐time stochastic model of the form ARIMA (0, 1, 3) that describes the dynamics of traffic occupancy observations. This approach utilizes real‐time estimates of the variability in traffic occupancies as detection thresholds, thus eliminating the need for threshold calibration and lessening the problem of false‐alarms. Because the moving average parameters of the ARIMA (0, 1, 3) model change over time, these parameters can be updated occasionally. The performance of the developed detection algorithm has been evaluated in terms of detection rate, false‐alarm rate, and average time‐lag to detection, using a total of 1692 minutes of occupancy observations recorded during 50 representative traffic incidents.     

Modelling the impact of alternative transport strategies upon social groups

In this paper, the application of a model representing the impact of interaction between transport costs and the location of housing, population, job employment, shopping and land is described. Two particular uses of the model are considered. Firstly, the effects of changing transport costs upon people of different social status in terms of money and time spent on travelling are examined and compared with results based upon the assumption that the location of population and employment are not responsive to changes in transport cost, as in the conventional transport demand model. Secondly, the effects of six land use‐transport policy sets are examined in terms of the impact upon urban morphology, and the opportunities and travel behaviour of the three social groups. The effects are also compared with the objectives of the strategies.     

Defining the functional and physical compatibility of a modernized tramway rolling stock with a newly planned LRT system: a case study of Belgrade

According to the Belgrade Master Plan for 2021, the public transportation system for the city and its region will include three rail modes: a modernized existing tramway, regional rail, and a new light rail transit (LRT) mode. In the coming years all three rail modes should be developed simultaneously and in a coordinated manner. The introduction of LRT is to be realized in several phases, and its first line will partially follow the alignment of an existing tramway line. As the present tramway vehicles are obsolete, new rolling stock must be designed and purchased to be compatible with many of the elements of the LRT. Ways to adjust the new tramways to the LRT rolling stock represent the central topic of this paper. The basic technical and operating characteristics of the new tramway are defined with respect to their required compatibility with the LRT stock and infrastructure.     

Rural speed limit changes and safety

There is little information in the literature on the relation between rural speed and safety. The wide variation in rural speed limits that are applied in different countries tends to confirm that this relation is poorly understood. The changes in fatal, injury and all accidents that followed a change in the rural speed limit in seven countries were regressed against the change in vehicle mean speed. The results showed that speed significantly affects safety and that within certain limits the relation is linear. The regressions indicated that a 1 km/h reduction in speed will reduce all severities of accidents by between 4 and 5%. It is suggested that part of this reduction is due to a change in economic factors.     

Open registry tanker operations: a comparative cost analysis

The pull of economic gravity on traditional tanker operators towards open registries has been caused primarily by the need to be cost‐competitive in a market which itself is competitive. By using transcendental logarithmic cost functions to model the cost structures of open and traditional tanker operations, this study highlights the general structure of the production technology of tanker services, the cost differentials between the two flag groupings and provides insights into the comparative statics effects of their production functions in the form of elasticities of factor substitution and demand, and scale economies.     

铁路特长单线隧道钻爆施工机械配置探讨

本文介绍了在建渝怀铁路最长单线隧道——圆梁山隧道的施工机械配置情况，阐明了采用常规施工方法(全断面法或下导坑法)及配置国产设备亦能实现铁路特长单线隧道掘进速度的稳产和高产，论述了施工机械设备的良好配置是确保持长隧道快速掘进的关键所在，同时对今后我国特长单线隧道的机械配置提出几点建议。     

Application of Aerodynamic Actuators to Improve Vehicle Handling

This exploratory study considers applications of active aerodynamic devices for suppressing parasitic motion and for improving the response of vehicles to steering, within the scope of the linear dynamic behaviour. A three DOF linear model is chosen to describe the side slip, yaw and roll motion of a baseline front-wheel steered vehicle. The improvements in performance of the base-line vehicle that are achievable by the application of direct yaw and roll moments are determined when either an open loop control pre-filter or a state feedback control law based on LQR design is applied. Unlike the former control, the state feedback control is unable to make the body side-slip angle vanish. The feedback control performance of each of the two moment actuators has been examined separately and then jointly. The advantages of combining the open loop and feedback dual actuator configurations are demonstrated using the two-degree of freedom control scheme. It is found that the scheme yields a spectacular performance but demands unreasonably large moments from the actuators in the context of available aerodynamic forces. On the other hand, the demand on direct yaw and roll moment of actuators is modest when the actuators are controlled using the LQR feedback only and if the control design is used to track a desired yaw rate trajectory and simultaneously to reduce the parasitic rolling motion. Significant improvements in handling and dynamic stability of a base-line vehicle can be achieved by aerodynamically generated direct yaw and roll actuator moments provided the target control performance is reasonable. The configurations of aerodynamic actuators considered are feasible for improving vehicle handling in cornering on motorways but more work remains to be done to explore alternative aerodynamic configurations that give rise to less side effects and higher lift coefficients.