Fatigue in transport: a review of exposure,risks, checks and controls*

Human fatigue continues to threaten safe transport. There are claims that employers of operators should do more to mitigate the risks, and several regulators are promoting fatigue-risk management in the context of safety management systems (SMS). The current paper reviews fatigue-related risk and exposure factors and control measures for operators of land- and sea-based transport forms. Our review identifies 13 types of measures for the monitoring or control of fatigue risks: optimal staffing; optimal schedule design; optimisation of breaks/naps; monitoring of actual hours worked; optimisation of work content; monitoring and feedback of actual sleep; health screening and treatment; promotion of recovery from work; fitness-for-duty testing; monitoring of fatigue symptoms while operating; control of fatigue while operating; performance monitoring and assistance; and fatigue-proofing. We also identify two systemic measures needed to anchor risk mitigation in SMS: organisational learning and training/other. By structuring monitoring and control measures along Dawson and McCulloch’s [Managing fatigue: It’s about sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9(5), 365–380] fatigue-risk trajectory, a framework is obtained that acts as a guide for fatigue-risk management by transport employers. To inform transport managers further, evaluations are needed of the effectiveness of individual control measures as well as whole fatigue-risk management interventions.     

The safety ladder: developing an evidence-based safety management strategy for small road transport companies

Traffic accidents account for between 20% and 40% of work-related accidents in industrial countries, and research indicates that road transport companies often have little focus on organisational safety management (OSM). There is thus a huge and largely untapped road safety potential in improving the safety of people who drive in their work, by focusing on OSM. Road transport companies in European countries are often small, however, with limited resources in terms of time, financial resources and competence on road safety. The main aim of the present article is therefore to develop an OSM strategy for small road transport companies. Based on a systematic literature review, taking Norwegian research as its point of departure, the article concludes that four measures seem to be most realistic for small goods-transport businesses, and that these measures seem to have the greatest safety potential. These four measures can be arranged on a ladder, where businesses start at the lowest and most basic level, before proceeding to the next step. While our stepwise safety-ladder approach has not been validated, it is expected that further research would confirm the value of the strategy proposed.     

洛杉矶港口停靠设施支挡结构的土工设计(英文)

介绍了美国加州洛杉矶港口停靠设施两种支挡结构的岩土工程勘探和设计成果,为了在码头提供两个驳船停靠点,要对现有堤坝边坡进行开挖,开挖后的边坡需要有支挡结构支撑。根据现场勘察和室内试验数据,项目地基为砂、泥质砂和黏土层,场地在运行地震水平下(震级5.5,峰值加速度0.28g)和偶发性地震水平下(震级6.5,峰值加速度0.52g)将会发生液化现象。建议支挡结构采用AZ型中心桩和AZ型辅助桩结合的钢板桩,并采用静力和运行震动水平共同作用下的侧压力分布图和极限平衡法分析确定桩长和截面尺寸。     

Bottom-up grassroots innovation in transport: motivations,barriers and enablers

Abstract

There is a growing phenomenon of grassroots innovation, that is, that triggered by individual users or communities (physical or virtual) seeking a solution to a personal or societal problem. This has great potential as a new source of sustainable transport innovations, but has received little attention to date. This study conducted 16 in-depth interviews and a workshop with grassroots innovators in transport. A detailed thematic analysis of the interview data identified: catalysts for the idea and the motivation behind its pursuit; the barriers experienced (those that were overcome and those that were not); and the enablers that permitted the innovations to continue and to flourish. The paper concludes by identifying the conditions that need to exist for such innovations to be created, developed and exploited in order that their potential for increasing the sustainability of the transport system can be fulfilled.     

Containerization in ports of Third-World Asia: an overview of present patterns and the direction of future growth

Although containerization in Third World Asian ports may not conform to the ‘usual’ model of containerization in developed countries the region represents a significant generator of container tonnage. Moreover, despite considerable intra-regional differences in throughput productivities, some of the ports are achieving efficiencies and productivities markedly higher than those in well established ports in Western countries. The region has been characterized, too, by strong patterns of mainline/feeder interdependencies. This paper reviews the status of containerization in Third World Asia and suggests that major changes, reflecting a variety of factors, are likely by 1990.     

Public responses to policies designed to internalise environmental and social externalities from road transport in New Zealand

Based on a public survey of registered voters, we explore four options for internalising the social and environmental costs of road transport. The options were presented together with generalised factual information about their benefits and costs. Respondents are highly supportive of fuel use efficiency standards and exhaust gas quality standards, with lesser support for proposed initiatives of road user charges and speed reduction. Demographic analysis of responses enables identification of those who might favour or oppose particular options. In this case women are identified as being strongly supportive of the speed reduction option.     

微生物封堵技术(Bio-Sealing)用于隧道防水

荷兰国家岩土工程研究所(GeoDelft)近来提出了一个称为SmartSoils的新概念.Smart Soils,意即人们所需要的土,其着眼点在于土的某些性质(如渗水性、刚度和强度),以及如何将它们改良,使之能满足工程建设的某些要求.这些新的技术在岩土工程中可以被广泛应用.