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941.
K. M. Saqr M. K. Mansour M. N. Musa 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(2):155-160
The potential for thermoelectric power generation (via waste heat recovery onboard automobiles) to displace alternators and/or
provide additional charging to a vehicle battery pack has increased with recent advances in thermoelectric material processing.
In gasoline fueled vehicles (GFVs), about 40% of fuel energy is wasted in exhaust heat, while a smaller amount of energy (30%)
is ejected through the engine coolant. Therefore, exhaust-based thermoelectric generators (ETEG) have been a focus for GFV
applications since the late 1980s. The conversion efficiency of modern thermoelectric materials has increased more than three-fold
in the last two decades; however, disputes as to the thermal design of ETEG systems has kept their overall efficiency at limited
and insufficient values. There are many challenges in the thermal design of ETEG systems, such as increasing the efficiency
of the heat exchangers (hot box and cold plate), maintaining a sufficient temperature difference across the thermoelectric
modules during different operating conditions, and reducing thermal losses through the system as a whole. This paper focuses
on a review of the main aspects of thermal design of ETEG systems through various investigations performed over the past twenty
years. This paper is organized as follows: first, the construction of a typical ETEG is described. The heat balance and efficiency
of ETEG are then discussed. Then, the third section of this paper emphasizes the main objectives and challenges for designing
efficient ETEG systems. Finally, a review of ETEG research activities over the last twenty years is presented to focus on
methods used by the research community to address such challenges. 相似文献
942.
Performance estimation model of a torque converter part I: Correlation between the internal flow field and energy loss coefficient 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
B. S. Kim S. B. Ha W. S. Lim S. W. Cha 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(2):141-148
The objective of this paper is to improve the performance estimation model of the internal flow field of a torque converter.
Compared with performance experiment results, the converter based on the one-dimensional model does not satisfy the performance
requirements demanded in practice. Therefore, we need to develop more predictable and reliable performance estimation models.
In order to obtain shape information on three-dimensional blade geometry, a process of reverse engineering conducts a torque
converter assembly, impeller, turbine and stator. In addition, a CFD simulation including mesh generation and post-processing
was carried out to extract equivalent parameters from the internal flow field. The internal flow field can be explained by
analyze the correlation between a performance estimation model and CFD analysis. The equivalent performance model adopts the
variation of energy loss coefficients for a given operating condition according to the application of a changing energy loss
coefficient by the least mean squares method. The estimated equivalent model improves the agreement in performance between
experiments and the theoretical model. This model can reduce the error to within about 3 percent. Furthermore, this procedure
for predicted performance achieves eminence in the estimation of the capacity factor. 相似文献
943.
Low viscosity engine oil can improve a vehicle’s fuel economy by decreasing the friction between the engine components. Frictional
torque varies with the velocity change due to different viscosity characteristics of SAE grade 5W-20, 5W-30 and 5W-40 engine
oils. The viscosity for each of these grades was measured to outline the effect low viscosity engine oils have on engine friction,
which may lead to improved fuel economy. Engine oil seal frictional torque increases with the shaft rotational speed for all
three engine oil grades. A decrease in engine oil seal frictional torque was confirmed when low viscosity engine oil was used.
Also, the leak-free performance of the engine oil with the seal satisfied the life limit durability test criteria. Thus, low
viscosity engine oil may be used to improve fuel economy by decreasing the frictional loss of the engine oil seal while having
no negative impact on performance due to leak-free functioning. 相似文献
944.
In this paper, we investigate the transient characteristics of combustion and emissions during engine start/stop operations
in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) applications. Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions during the initial 2nd∼9th cycles are found to be significantly greater when the engine is quickly started under the original engine calibration mode.
Lower intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) was also found to cause larger residual gas dilution and poor combustion, resulting
in a higher HC concentration when the cranking speed was increased. The post-catalyst HC concentration was found in the way
of initially decrease and then to increase again as the cranking speed was increased. A lowest concentration value was achieved
at a cranking speed of 1000 r/min. Engine shut-down by fuel cut-off was shown to produce lower emissions than shut-down by
ignition cut-off as one can avoid misfire of the last fuel injection cycle. The fuel deposited during the stop process seems
to impact engine restart enrichment mostly during the initial 0.7 s for this engine, whose performance is dominated by the
MAP transition characteristic and the time coefficient for fuel vaporization in this time period 相似文献
945.
Undesired lateral force inevitably exists in a MacPherson suspension system, which is liable to damper rod’s side wear and
promotes the damper’s inner friction decreasing the ride performance from the suspension system. Substituting a new side load
spring with curved centerline for the conventional coil spring has been proven able to solve these problems and Multi-body
Dynamics combining with Finite Elements Analysis may be an efficient method in optimizing its design. Therefore, taking a
passenger car as example, a detailed multi-body dynamics model for the suspension system is built to simulate forces exerted
on the damper and the minimization of its lateral component is selected as the design target for the spring. When the structure
optimization of the side load spring is performed using FEA software ANSYS, its vertical and lateral elastic characteristics,
supported by test data, are analyzed. After importing FEA results back to the suspension system, the dynamics simulation can
be performed to validate the optimization result. 相似文献
946.
This paper describes the development of an optimal design process for a steering column system and supporting system. A design
guide is proposed at the initial concept stage of the development process to obtain sufficient stiffness of the steering system
while reducing the idle vibration sensitivity of the system. Case studies on resonance isolation are summarized, where vibration
modes among the systems are separated by applying a vibration mode map at the initial stage of the design process. This study
also provides design guidelines for an optimal dynamic damper system using a CAE (computer aided engineering) analysis. The
damper FE (finite element) model is added to the vehicle model to analyze the relation between the frequency and the sensitivity
of the steering column system. This analysis methodology makes it possible to achieve target performance in the early design
stage and reduction of damper tuning activity after the proto car test stage. Through the proposed steering column system
development process, a lightweight vehicle with high stiffness is possible prior to the proto build stage. Furthermore, the
improved process is expected to contribute to reducing the overall development period and the number of proto car tests necessary
to achieve the desired steering system performance. 相似文献
947.
Desired yaw rate and steering control method during cornering for a six-wheeled vehicle 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. -J. An K. Yi G. Jung K. I. Lee Y. -W. Kim 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(2):173-181
This paper proposes a steering control method based on optimal control theory to improve the maneuverability of a six-wheeled
vehicle during cornering. The six-wheeled vehicle is believed to have better performance than a four-wheeled vehicle in terms
of its capability for crossing obstacles, off-road maneuvering and fail-safe handling when one or two of the tires are punctured.
Although many methods to improve the four-wheeled vehicle’s lateral stability have been studied and developed, there have
only been a few studies on the six-wheeled vehicle’s lateral stability. Some studies of the six-wheeled vehicle have been
reported recently, but they are related to the desired yaw rate of a four-wheeled vehicle to control the six-wheeled vehicle’s
maneuvering during corning. In this paper, the sideslip angle and yaw rate are controlled to improve the maneuverability during
cornering by independent control of the steering angles of the six wheels. The desired yaw rate that is suitable for a six-wheeled
vehicle is proposed as a control target. In addition, a scaled-down vehicle with six drive motors and six steering motors
that can be controlled independently is designed. The performance of the proposed control methods is verified using a full
model vehicle simulation and scaled-down vehicle experiment. 相似文献
948.
This paper presents a steering control method for lane-following in a vehicle using an image sensor. With each image frame
acquired from the sensor, the steering control method determines target position and direction, and constructs a travel path
from the current position to the target position either as an Arc-path or S-path. The steering angle is calculated from the
travel path thus generated, and the vehicle follows the travel path via motor-control. The method was tested using a vehicle
dubbed as KAV (Korea Autonomous Vehicle) along an expressway (Seoul Inner Beltway) trajectory with a variety of radii (50
m ∼ 300 m) while traveling at a speed of 60 km/h to 80 km/h. Compared with an experienced human driver, the method showed
little much difference in performance in terms of lane-center deviation. The proposed method is currently employed for high
speed autonomous driving as well as for stop and go traffic. 相似文献
949.
The recursive component mode synthesis method (RCMS) has been implemented for the finite element analysis model of an automobile
structure as an efficient free vibration analysis tool. The RCMS method is intended to obtain a better performance relative
to the block Lanczos method, which is a traditional method in the industry of obtaining eigenvalues, while obtaining the acceptable
accuracy. A numerical example of the automobile finite element model demonstrates the outstanding performance of RCMS compared
to the block Lanczos method. 相似文献
950.
Intelligent transportation systems have been promoted as a means to improve both the efficiency and safety of the road network. The effectiveness of advanced technologies in improving road safety has been an area of research which has thus far yielded mixed results. In order to ensure that advanced technologies deliver on their intended outcomes, more research has to be devoted to understanding road users' perceptions and reactions to these systems. This study examines drivers' perceptions of the use of dynamic message signs and their self‐reported reactions to the messages displayed. In general, drivers support the use of highway electronic boards for traffic incident reports and weather information which have an impact on traffic delays and level of service. They also think that it is a good idea to display road safety messages and to remind drivers to drive safely and be courteous on the roads. Moreover, most drivers reported that they do read and think about the messages displayed and react positively to some of the road safety messages. 相似文献