Sampling of alternatives for route choice modeling

This paper presents a new paradigm for choice set generation in the context of route choice model estimation. We assume that the choice sets contain all paths connecting each origin–destination pair. Although this is behaviorally questionable, we make this assumption in order to avoid bias in the econometric model. These sets are in general impossible to generate explicitly. Therefore, we propose an importance sampling approach to generate subsets of paths suitable for model estimation. Using only a subset of alternatives requires the path utilities to be corrected according to the sampling protocol in order to obtain unbiased parameter estimates. We derive such a sampling correction for the proposed algorithm.Estimating models based on samples of alternatives is straightforward for some types of models, in particular the multinomial logit (MNL) model. In order to apply MNL for route choice, the utilities should also be corrected to account for the correlation using, for instance, a path size (PS) formulation. We argue that the PS attribute should be computed based on the full choice set. Again, this is not feasible in general, and we propose a new version of the PS attribute derived from the sampling protocol, called Expanded PS.Numerical results based on synthetic data show that models including a sampling correction are remarkably better than the ones that do not. Moreover, the Expanded PS shows good results and outperforms models with the original PS formulation.     

陕北黄土地区铁路复线施工中的软基处理

根据包西铁路鱼和至米脂新增二线地段软基处理的实践,阐述了陕北黄土地区软基的成因和特点,论述了黄土地区既有线侧软基处理的方案比选和优化,总结了复线施工中既有线软基处理施工的特点和注意事项。     

关于轮胎吊接地问题的探讨

上海港外高桥港区进行轮胎式集装箱起重机驱动油改电项目,产生了用何种方法接地问题。对供电铁塔到RTG(Rubber-Tired Container Gantry Crane)处接地问题进行探讨。通过计算,找出了合适的接地模式,既能保障人身安全,又能让设备正常运行。     

铁路大宗货物重来重去运输研究及发展建议

重来重去运输是一种均衡运输理念，是铁路加快车辆周转，提高运输效率和效益的有效途径。重来重去运输是基于系统论思想精髓，从运输系统的整体效率、效益最大化着眼，在综合考虑全行业资源配置和发展规划的基础上做出的统一规划，反映了精细化管理的思想，创新了运输组织理念。     

方中空夹层钢管混凝土双向偏压构件的承载力计算

采用纤维模型法对方中空夹层钢管混凝土双向偏压构件的荷载-变形全过程关系进行了计算；在此基础上，绘出了典型的承载力相关曲面，可供工程设计参考。     

严峻问题——经济、燃油或本、运力、码头运输工人联盟谈判产生了不确定性

今年关于太平洋航线有两个不确定因素，即美国进口量增长将会大大放缓，同时美国出口量会继续增加。因此，几乎所有其他的问题都是不确定的：进口量是否会增长还是会减少？航运公司是否会随着船只规模的增加，而为贸易业务分配更多运力，或者仅仅保持现有运力？他们是否能够成功增加运费以弥补成本的增长？发货人是否同意支付完全不固定的船舶燃油附加费？     

机车走行部常见故障和预防措施

介绍了机车转向架构架、轮对、电机、基础制动等装置的常见故障及相应零部件的检测方法，提出预防故障的措施。     

山体裂缝的综合处治

深挖引起的滑坡、坍塌、裂缝等地质灾害是山区公路建设中常遇见的问题。针对高边坡的特点,以省道202线屏南至古田二级公路古田高坑至极乐寺段(A2标段)K47+540～K47+740路线左侧山体裂缝综合处治的工程实践为例,介绍了治理山体裂缝的卸、排、挡、护综合处治措施。     

上海地铁13号线车辆底架线槽与布线设计探究

由于地铁车辆的大部分重要电缆都位于车体下方,电缆的外部环境相当恶劣,为了有效防护电缆以减少安全隐患,在地铁车辆上使用了线槽。在模块化概念深入企业设计与生产理念的现状下,结合上海地铁13号线车辆项目,对线槽设计、布线要求、电磁兼容、有限元分析等进行了分析。     

Interval estimation in the calibration of certain trip distribution models

This paper argues for interval, rather than point, estimation when calibrating some variants of the trip distribution “gravity” models. Analytic expressions are derived for the approximate asymptotic covariances of least squares and maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters in the impedance function under a variety of conditions. A comparative numerical example, and an application using migration flows, are also presented.