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491.
492.
Application of new parameterizations of gas transfer velocity and their impact on regional and global marine CO2 budgets 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
One of the dominant sources of uncertainty in the calculation of air–sea flux of carbon dioxide on a global scale originates from the various parameterizations of the gas transfer velocity, k, that are in use. Whilst it is undisputed that most of these parameterizations have shortcomings and neglect processes which influence air–sea gas exchange and do not scale with wind speed alone, there is no general agreement about their relative accuracy.The most widely used parameterizations are based on non-linear functions of wind speed and, to a lesser extent, on sea surface temperature and salinity. Processes such as surface film damping and whitecapping are known to have an effect on air–sea exchange. More recently published parameterizations use friction velocity, sea surface roughness, and significant wave height. These new parameters can account to some extent for processes such as film damping and whitecapping and could potentially explain the spread of wind-speed based transfer velocities published in the literature.We combine some of the principles of two recently published k parameterizations [Glover, D.M., Frew, N.M., McCue, S.J. and Bock, E.J., 2002. A multiyear time series of global gas transfer velocity from the TOPEX dual frequency, normalized radar backscatter algorithm. In: Donelan, M.A., Drennan, W.M., Saltzman, E.S., and Wanninkhof, R. (Eds.), Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Geophys. Monograph 127. AGU,Washington, DC, 325–331; Woolf, D.K., 2005. Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state dependent wave breaking. Tellus, 57B: 87–94] to calculate k as the sum of a linear function of total mean square slope of the sea surface and a wave breaking parameter. This separates contributions from direct and bubble-mediated gas transfer as suggested by Woolf [Woolf, D.K., 2005. Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state dependent wave breaking. Tellus, 57B: 87–94] and allows us to quantify contributions from these two processes independently.We then apply our parameterization to a monthly TOPEX altimeter gridded 1.5° × 1.5° data set and compare our results to transfer velocities calculated using the popular wind-based k parameterizations by Wanninkhof [Wanninkhof, R., 1992. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 7373–7382.] and Wanninkhof and McGillis [Wanninkhof, R. and McGillis, W., 1999. A cubic relationship between air−sea CO2 exchange and wind speed. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(13): 1889–1892]. We show that despite good agreement of the globally averaged transfer velocities, global and regional fluxes differ by up to 100%. These discrepancies are a result of different spatio-temporal distributions of the processes involved in the parameterizations of k, indicating the importance of wave field parameters and a need for further validation. 相似文献
493.
通过对己有各种单桩计算方法的研究总结,建立了单桩计算新理论。该理论与以往基于荷载传递法的单桩计算方法相比,做了如下改进:(1)桩侧与桩端采用广义荷载传递模型;(2)引入混凝土的Rusch模型以考虑高荷载水平作用下桩身混凝土的弹塑性性状;(3)耦合Mindlin解答以考虑桩侧摩阻力在桩端处产生的桩端位移。因此该单桩荷载-沉降关系计算方法在理论上更趋完善,使基于荷载传递法的多层地基中单桩荷载-沉降关系计算方法得到完善和统一。 相似文献
494.
This paper discusses mathematical modeling of a ship equipped with energy-saving wing devices. Therewith, the ship is mathematically represented by an elongated... 相似文献
495.
There is much need for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for inspection and mapping purposes. Most conventional AUVs use torpedo-shaped single-rigid hull, b... 相似文献
496.
介绍造型设计软件Rhinoceros,并以豪华大客车为例,讲述该软件在客车CAS(计算机辅助造型设计)中的应用。 相似文献
497.
498.
介绍了集装箱码头布局方案综合评价指标体系的建立方法,并提出了一种专家咨询法和模糊层次分析法相结合的评价指标权值确定方法,应用该方法评价集装箱码头布局方案,其结果更趋合理. 相似文献
499.
S. Dujardin F. Pirart F. Brévers A.-F. Marique J. Teller 《Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice》2012,46(7):1054-1065
The link between transport energy consumption and land use patterns has been the focus of a considerable amount of academic works over the past decades. While many empirical researches are backed up with solid statistical techniques, most of them do not fully consider the influence of scale underlying empirical quantitative investigations. Using fine-scale home-to-work commuting data for Wallonia (Belgium), this paper re-evaluates Breheny’s (1995) assertion that urban structure should hold the characteristics of major cities if substantial energy savings are to be achieved. A local scale approach highlights efficient settlements in terms of transport energy consumption not only within major towns, but also within remote rural areas. Furthermore, results suggest that influencing the urban form following local energy efficient examples rather than regional ones could also yield significant gains, without an extreme policy stance of re-urbanisation in major cities. 相似文献
500.
Misuk Lee Alexandre Khelifa Laurie A. Garrow Michel Bierlaire David Post 《Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice》2012,46(10):1641-1653
We investigate how customers respond to an opaque airline product offered by a European carrier. In this opaque product design, customers are randomly assigned to travel to one of approximately ten destinations; however, for a fee they may exclude one or more destinations from the choice set (or a particular package design) prior to learning which destination they will travel to. We use a multidimensional binary logit model to predict the probability that one or more alternatives will be chosen by a customer. Results show that customers are more likely to pay to exclude destinations located close to the origin airport and destinations that speak the same language as the origin airport. Length of stay, cost of living at the destination, and measures of destination attractiveness are also found to be significant predictors for some package designs. Based on these findings, we offer general recommendations for how to design opaque packages for airline customers. 相似文献