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81.
82.
This article presents a study on the accuracy of the numerical determination of the friction and pressure resistance coefficients
of ship hulls. The investigation was carried out for the KVLCC2 tanker at model- and full-scale Reynolds numbers. Gravity
waves were neglected, i.e., we adopted the so-called double-model flow. Single-block grids with H–O topology were adopted
for all the calculations. Three eddy viscosity models were employed: the one-equation eddy viscosity and the two-equation
models proposed by Menter and the TNT version of the two-equation k-ω model. Verification exercises were performed in sets of nearly geometrically similar grids with different densities in the
streamwise, normal, and girthwise directions. The friction and pressure resistance coefficients were calculated for different
levels of the iterative error and for computational domains of different size. The results show that on the level of grid
refinement used, it is possible to calculate the viscous resistance coefficients in H–O grids that do not match the ship contour
with a numerical uncertainty of less than 1%. The differences between the predictions of different turbulence models were
larger than the numerical uncertainty; however, these differences tended to decrease with increases in the Reynolds number.
The pressure resistance was remarkably sensitive to domain size and far-field boundary conditions. Either a large domain or
the application of a viscous–inviscid interaction procedure is needed for reliable results.
This work was presented in part at the International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering—MARINE 2007,
Barcelona, June 3–4, 2007. 相似文献
83.
Using three years (2003 to 2005) of MODIS-Aqua normalized water-leaving radiance at 551 nm this paper shows a fortnightly cycle in the Tagus estuary turbid plume. The Tagus estuary is one of the largest estuaries of the west coast of Europe and is located in the most populated area of Portugal, including the capital Lisbon. The turbid plume has been detected by the backscattering characteristics of the surface waters in the vicinity of the estuary mouth. In fortnightly scales, the turbid plume has smaller dimensions during and after neap tides and higher dimensions during and after spring tides. This is most probably associated with the fortnightly spring–neap tidal cycle and the consequent increase in turbidity inside the estuary during spring tides. During the summer weak spring tides (tidal amplitude approximately 2.5 m) no turbid plume is observed for an entire fortnightly cycle. Outside the summer months, precipitation, river discharge and winds, were found to increase the turbid area, but the fortnightly cycle appears to be superimposed on the large time-scale variability, and present throughout the year. 相似文献
84.
Geophysical turbulence is strongly affected by the variation of the Coriolis parameter with latitude. This variation results in the so-called β-effect, which forces energy from small-scales to be transferred preferentially into zonal motions. This effect results in the formation of narrow jet-like zonal flows that dominate the dynamics and act as transport barriers. Here, laboratory experiments are used to reproduce this effect in decaying turbulent flows. An electromagnetic cell is used to generate an initial field of vorticity in a rotating tank. Under conditions of quasi-geostrophic flow, the β-effect is produced by depth variation of the flow instead of variation of the Coriolis parameter. The effects of changing the container geometry and the overall fluid depth on the production of jets are investigated. The results suggest that this laboratory configuration can be used to model jet formation in the oceans and that increasing fluid depth is a practical way to decrease viscous effects. 相似文献
85.
86.
为把好锚杆的锚固质量关,开发简便、准确的无损检测方法是当务之急。介绍锚杆质量的无损检测原理、检测方法、检测分析与判断以及工程应用实例。 相似文献
87.
S. Dujardin F. Pirart F. Brévers A.-F. Marique J. Teller 《Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice》2012,46(7):1054-1065
The link between transport energy consumption and land use patterns has been the focus of a considerable amount of academic works over the past decades. While many empirical researches are backed up with solid statistical techniques, most of them do not fully consider the influence of scale underlying empirical quantitative investigations. Using fine-scale home-to-work commuting data for Wallonia (Belgium), this paper re-evaluates Breheny’s (1995) assertion that urban structure should hold the characteristics of major cities if substantial energy savings are to be achieved. A local scale approach highlights efficient settlements in terms of transport energy consumption not only within major towns, but also within remote rural areas. Furthermore, results suggest that influencing the urban form following local energy efficient examples rather than regional ones could also yield significant gains, without an extreme policy stance of re-urbanisation in major cities. 相似文献
88.
89.
Ren-Yong GuoHai-Jun Huang S.C. Wong 《Transportation Research Part B: Methodological》2011,45(3):490-506
We present a method of predicting pedestrian route choice behavior and physical congestion during the evacuation of indoor areas with internal obstacles. Under the proposed method, a network is first constructed by discretizing the space into regular hexagonal cells and giving these cells potentials before a modified cell transmission model is employed to predict the evolution of pedestrian flow in the network over time and space. Several properties of this cell transmission model are explored. The method can be used to predict the evolution of pedestrian flow over time and space in indoor areas with internal obstacles and to investigate the collection, spillback, and dissipation behavior of pedestrians passing through a bottleneck. The cell transmission model is further extended to imitate the movements of multiple flows of pedestrians with different destinations. An algorithm based on generalized cell potential is also developed to assign the pedestrian flow. 相似文献
90.