含裂纹加筋板在压缩载荷下的剩余极限强度试验研究

在老龄化引起的船舶结构安全性问题中,裂纹损伤是结构强度衰减的一个重要因素。文章采用逐步加载法对含裂纹损伤的加筋板压缩剩余极限强度进行试验研究。设计六种典型的穿透裂纹损伤加筋板,对损伤试件进行轴向压缩试验。通过改变裂纹尺寸、位置及倾角参数并根据试验观测结果,探讨了不同裂纹参数下加筋板的屈曲破坏特点和对剩余极限强度影响。试验结果表明,不同的裂纹长度以及裂纹位置改变加筋板结构承载力的分布,影响结构应力应变场,进而改变其失效崩溃模式;倾角为45°的裂纹相对于垂直于加筋的裂纹对加筋板结构的剩余极限强度影响较小,此外初始缺陷对结构的剩余极限强度的影响也不容忽视。     

Estimating the value of risk reductions for car drivers when pedestrians are involved: a case study in Spain

We estimated the benefits associated with reducing fatal and severe injuries from traffic accidents using a stated choice experiment where choice situations were generated through a statistically efficient design. Specifically, the risk variables were defined as the expected annual number of vehicle car-users that suffered their death or were severely injured in a traffic accident. In addition, and differing from previous research, the number of pedestrians that died or were severely injured in traffic accidents per year was also included as a risk attribute in the choice experiment, to attempt at measuring drivers’ willingness to pay to reduce the risk of hitting pedestrians in a crash. The empirical setting was a choice of route for a particular trip that a sample of car drivers periodically undertakes in Tenerife, Spain. Models were estimated accounting for random taste heterogeneity and pseudo-panel data correlation. The median of the distribution of simulated parameters was used to obtain a representative measure for the monetary valuation of risk reductions. We found that the ratio between the values of reducing the risk of suffering a serious injury and that of reducing a fatality was approximately 18 %. Further, and quite novel, we also found that the value of reducing a pedestrian fatality was 39 % of the value of reducing a car occupant fatality.     

基于规范方法的小水线面双体船疲劳强度研究

论文介绍了船舶结构疲劳强度评估基本原理,并对一条2200t级小水线面双体船进行规范法疲劳强度评估。针对小水线面双体船结构特点,采用规范进行疲劳载荷计算;结合全船有限元计算结果进行疲劳部位筛选;采用有限元法提取疲劳部位的热点应力,并计算疲劳部位的累积损伤度。分析计算结果,提出疲劳部位优化方案。     

钱塘江上游散货船标准船型研究

散货船标准化,有利于发挥水运基础设施的作用,保障船舶航行安全。文中研究了钱塘江上游的航道现状、散货船的主尺度系列及推进效率。研究结果表明,散货船的双机双桨船型比单机单桨船型更节能。     

燃气蒸汽式弹射内弹道研究

燃气-蒸汽式弹射方式以其结构简单、温度适中、压力输出平稳等优点,被越来越广泛地应用到水下运载器的发射系统中,深入研究燃气-蒸汽式弹射装置的内流场对弹射装置的设计、改进具有重要意义.本文通过采用3种不同仿真模型对燃气-蒸汽式弹射内弹道进行计算,结果表明:对流场进行仿真计算时应同时引入汽化模型和组分输运模型,其仿真结果与实际情况更为相符.汽化模型对流场温度的影响比对压力和速度的影响更为明显.研究成果可为燃气-蒸汽式弹射装置的设计与改进提供理论支撑.     

潜射超空泡射弹出水的流体力学现象的实验研究

对带有超空泡的潜射射弹出水过程的流体力学现象进行了实验研究。用高速摄影机拍摄了射弹模型出水的全过程,清晰地观察了射弹在航行中空泡的发展、脱落与自由面相互作用及溃灭过程,分析了空泡对射弹出水姿态的影响。通过测量射弹的速度,发现出水时射弹的速度有时会呈突增现象,进一步了解了潜射射弹出水的复杂过程。     

基于PSO-BP神经网络的油船中部结构优化

以舱段质量为目标函数,以相关规范要求的板厚及应力为约束条件,通过灵敏度分析确定设计变量,对油船中部结构优化。构建基于粒子群优化的BP神经网络模型,并代替有限元分析确定应力与设计变量之间关系,从而对舱段进行结构优化。优化后舱段质量降低了4.2%,优化后的有限元分析结果表明满足规范要求,PSOBP神经网络模型在船舶结构优化设计中具有可行性。     

基于船模水池试验的船舶顺浪纯稳性损失计算扩展模式

船舶顺浪航行的纯稳性损失研究,已成为国际航海界和国际海事组织(IMO)关注的课题之一.在Ю.И.涅查耶夫根据28艘渔船和运输船船模水池试验的船舶顺浪纯稳性损失计算方法的基础上,提出了扩展模式,扩大了其适用范围,并给出了大长宽比(船长/船宽)舰艇纯稳性损失的算例,同时实现了该扩展模式的程序化,生成了实用化的软件.最后通过与CFD试验方法和一般理论计算法所得结果的对比,验证了该扩展模式计算结果的可信度.     

船体板格极限强度数值计算影响因素及敏感分析

船体板格极限强度的有限元计算方法应用广泛,但其计算方法具有一定的不稳定性,计算结果受多种因素的影响.本文针对船体板格有限元计算方法的不稳定性进行研究,通过将有限元计算结果与其他学者的研究成果进行对比,验证本文所采用的有限元方法的可靠性,然后针对板格材料、初始缺陷、网格密度、边界条件等几种因素的敏感性进行具体研究,发现理想应力应变关系会使得结果偏于危险.网格形状和网格密度对于结果均有影响,边界条件对于有限元结果有影响,最大误差在7.2%,并且模型3会使得结果偏于危险.初始缺陷是一敏感因素,最大误差在20%,因此需要根据实际缺陷选取合适的屈曲模态和比例因子.     

Users’ perceptions and willingness to pay in interurban toll roads: identifying differences across regions from a nationwide survey in Spain

Users’ acceptability is considered one of the key drivers for the successful implementation of transport policy measures. This is especially crucial in the case of toll roads since they are financed through drivers’ contributions. Previous literature in this field has mainly focused on measuring users’ attitudes towards urban congestion pricing strategies. However limited research has been developed concerning interurban toll roads. Previous research shows that socioeconomic variables are not conclusive to explain users’ perceptions towards tolls. By contrast, other drivers such as regional differences seem to play a more important role, especially when charging conditions within the same nation greatly vary across regions. This paper analyzes regional differences in users’ attitudes within an asymmetrical distribution of the toll road network across regions. Based on a nationwide survey conducted to road users in interurban toll roads in Spain, we develop both a binomial logit and a censored regression (tobit) model to explore drivers’ perceptions and willingness to pay. The research concludes that users from regions with a more extensive tolled network generally show a more negative attitude towards charges, but not necessarily a lower willingness to pay. The paper also points out that an asymmetrical distribution of toll roads across regions may result in negative perceptions among those users perceiving to be unfairly treated when compared to citizens in other regions.